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Ïîäãîòîâèëà ñòóäåíòêà 1-ãî êóðñà ÏÐÎ-103:
Ïèðîãîâà Âèêòîðèÿ
Ïðîâåðèëà: Íÿãó Ñ.Â.
2016 ã.
The Victorian era in the history of Great Britain
Home Victorian era dates from 1837
year, when the English throne, Queen Victoria ascended. At the time she was 18
years old. Queen Victoria"s reign lasted for 63 years until 1901.
Despite the fact
that Victoria"s reign was a time of unprecedented change in the history of
Great Britain, the foundations of society in the Victorian era remained
unchanged.
The
Industrial Revolution in Britain has led to greatly increase the number of
factories, warehouses and shops. It notes the rapid population growth that led
to urban sprawl. In the 1850s, Britain was all covered with a network of
railways, which greatly improved the situation of industrialists as to
facilitate the delivery of goods and raw materials. Britain has become a
country of high-performance, leaving far behind other European countries. In
the international industrial exhibition in 1851 the success of the country were
appreciated, Britain has earned the title of "world"s workshop".
Leading positions in industrial production remained until the end of XIX -
early XX centuries. However, they managed not without negative side. For
working-class neighborhoods of industrial cities was characterized by lack of
sanitation. Everywhere it was used child labor, and low wages coexisted with
poor working conditions and long exhausting working day. The
Victorian era was marked by the strengthening of the position of the middle
class, which have led to domination in the society of its basic values. The
honor was sobriety, punctuality, diligence, frugality, thrift. These qualities
soon become the norm because of their usefulness in the new industrial world
was undeniable. In Queen Victoria herself performed as an example of such
behavior. Her life, until the end of the slave family and duty, was
significantly different from the life of its two predecessors on the throne.
Example Victoria had an impact on most of the aristocracy, which led to the
abandonment of the higher circles of the catchy and controversial lifestyle
typical of the previous generation. Example aristocracy followed by the highly
skilled part of the working class. At the heart of all the achievements of the
Victorian era, of course, are precisely the values and power of
the middle class. This is not to say that all the features of the middle class
have been an example to follow. Among the negative features, so often ridiculed
in the pages of the English literature of the period, and the middle-class
belief that prosperity is the reward of virtue, and the extreme Puritanism in
family life, generates hypocrisy and guilt.
Religion played an important role in the Victorian era, despite the fact that
much of the population of Britain was not treated to a deep believer. A great
influence on people"s minds have provided various Protestant denominations,
such as Methodists and Congregationalists, and the evangelical wing of the
Church of England. Parallel to this is a revival of the Roman Catholic Church,
as well as Anglo-Catholic currents within the Church of England. Their main
postulates were commitment to dogma and ritual.
Despite
significant advances in the UK during this period, the Victorian era was also a
period of doubts and disappointments. This is due to it was the fact that the
progress of science to undermine faith in the firmness of biblical truths.
There were no significant growth of atheists and atheism itself was still
unacceptable to society and church belief system. For example, the famous
politician, speaking for social reforms and freedom of thought, Charles
Bradlow, famous among other things, his militant atheism, was able to get a
seat in the House of Commons in 1880 only after a number of failed attempts.
Great
influence on the revision of the religious dogma had the publication in 1859 of
Charles Darwin"s "Origin of Species." This book was a bombshell.
Darwin"s theory of evolution denied that previously seemed immutable fact that
a person is the result of God"s creation and God"s will is above all other
forms of life. According to Darwin, man evolved in the evolution of the natural
world in the same way as all other developed species. This work has caused harsh
criticism from religious leaders and conservative-minded part of the scientific
community. Based on
the above it can be concluded that England was going through a definite surge
in interest in science, which resulted in a number of large-scale scientific
discoveries, but it remained fairly conservative country itself in regard to
the way of life and system of values. The rapid development of Britain"s
agrarian state into a commercial led to the rapid growth of cities and the
emergence of new jobs, but not eased the situation of the workers and their
living conditions.
The political structure of the country
Victorian parliament is more
representative than during the reign of Queen Victoria"s predecessors. It is
more than in previous times, I listened to public opinion. In 1832, even before
Victoria ascended the throne, parliamentary reform has given a voice to
representatives of a significant middle class. The laws of 1867 and 1884 years
was given the right to vote the majority of adult men. At the same time it
turned violent campaign for granting suffrage to women.
During the reign of
Victoria"s government is no longer subordinated to the reigning monarch. This
rule has been established under William IV (1830-37). Despite the fact that the
Queen enjoyed great respect, its influence on ministers and their political
decisions taken was negligible. Ministers submitted to the Parliament and
especially the House of Commons. But as the party discipline in those days was
not tough enough, ministerial decisions are not always implemented. By the
1860s Whigs and Tories were formed in much more clearly organized parties -
liberal and conservative. The Liberal Party led by William Gladstone and
Benjamin Disraeli conservative. However, discipline in both parties was too liberal,
to keep them from splits. On the policy pursued by the Parliament influenced by
the constant problem of Ireland. Famine 1845-46 years forced Robert Peel revise
laws on grain trade, to maintain high prices on the British agricultural
products. It was introduced "Free Trade Act", which became part of
the general movement of the Victorian era, aimed at creating a more open,
competition-based society. Meanwhile,
Peel"s decision to abolish the "bread" of laws divided the
Conservative Party. And twenty years later, William Gladstone activities aimed,
in his own words, on the pacification of Ireland, and his commitment to
government policies have led to a split among the Liberals.
During this period, the reformist foreign policy situation remained relatively
calm. The conflict has matured in 1854-56 years., When Britain and France
unleashed the Crimean War with Russia. But the conflict had only a local
character. The campaign was conducted with the aim to curb Russia"s imperial
ambitions in the Balkans. In fact, it was just one of the rounds in the
protracted Eastern question (diplomatic problem with the decline of the Turkish
Ottoman Empire) - the only thing that seriously affect Britain in the European
policy of the Victorian era. In 1878, England was on the verge of another war
with Russia, but remained aloof from European alliances, then smashed the
continent. Such a policy of not long alliances with other powers British Prime
Minister Robert Arthur Talbot Salisbury called brilliant isolation.
Based on
the available data, the Victorian era was a period of adjustment of the
parliamentary as well as registration and strengthening the major parties that
exists in the UK and now. In this case the nominal power of the monarch made it
impossible for him a significant influence on the political life of the
country. The figure of the monarch is increasingly becoming a tribute to the
traditions and customs of Britain losing its political weight. This situation
persists today.
The foreign policy of Britain
The
Victorian era was marked by the expansion of the British colonial possessions.
However, the loss of the American colonies led to the idea of new
conquests in this area has not been very popular. Before 1840, Britain did not
seek to obtain new colonies, and engaged in the protection of their trade
routes and support their interests outside the state. At that period is one of
the blackest pages of British history - the Opium Wars with China, which has
served the cause of the struggle for the right to sell opium in China,
India. In
Europe, Britain supported the weakening Ottoman Empire in its struggle with
Russia. In 1890 came the moment redistribution Africa. It should be divided
into so-called "zone of interest". Doubtless conquest of Britain in
this case were Egypt and the Suez Canal. British occupation of Egypt lasted
until
1954. Some
colonies of Britain at that time received additional benefits. For example,
Canada, New Zealand and Australia got the right to form the government,
weakening their dependence on Britain. At the same time, Queen Victoria stayed
in these countries is still the head of
state. By
the end of the XIX century, Britain was the strongest naval power, and
controlled a large part of the land. However, colonies were sometimes excessive
burden for the state, as required significant cash
injections.
Issues pursued Britain, not only overseas but also in its own territory. They
mostly came from Scotland and Ireland. Thus, for example, the population of
Wales for the XIX century quadrupled and amounted to 2 million people. Wales
can boast of rich deposits of coal in the south, making it the center of the
rapidly developing coal and steel industry. This led to the fact that almost
two-thirds of the population has sought to move south in search of work. By
1870, Wales became an industrial country, while the north remained significant
areas in which farming is flourishing, and the majority of residents were
rather poor peasants. Reforms of the Parliament allowed the residents of Wales
to get rid of the families of wealthy landowners, who represented them in
Parliament for 300 years.
Divided
into industrial and rural Scotland. Industrial zone located near Glasgow and
Edinburgh. The Industrial Revolution dealt a severe blow to the inhabitants of
mountainous areas. The collapse of the clan system that has existed there for
centuries, has become a real tragedy for them. Many
problems delivered England from Ireland, the battle for freedom which resulted
in a large-scale war between Catholics and Protestants. In 1829, Catholics were
granted the right to participate in parliamentary elections, which only
increased the sense of national identity and the Irish them with great effort
to continue their struggle.
Based
on the data, we can conclude that the main objective of the period of Britain
in the international arena was not the conquest of new territories, and to
maintain order in the old. The British Empire has grown so much that the
management of all its colonies become quite problematic. This has led to the
provision of additional benefits to the colonies and reduces the role Britain
played in the first of their political life. Waiver of strict control of
colonial territories was due to the problems that existed in Britain itself,
and the solution of which became paramount. It should be noted that some of
these problems are not solved adequately until now. This is especially true
Catholic-Protestant conflict in Northern Ireland.
1. Era – ýïîõà
2. Queen – êîðîëåâà
3. Revolution – ðåâîëþöèÿ
4. At – â
5. a
life – æèçíü
6. Religion – ðåëèãèÿ
7.
church – öåðêîâü
8. Effect - âëèÿíèå
9. Theory - òåîðèÿ
10.
Despite… – íåñìîòðÿ íà òî…
11. Law
–
çàêîí
12. Trade
–
òîðãîâëÿ
13. Corn – çåðíî
14. the
consignment – ïàðòèÿ
15. Company – êîìïàíèÿ
16. Target – öåëü
17. Heart – ñóòü
18.
Of – èç
19. Union – ñîþç
20.
Power – äåðæàâà
21. Policy – ïîëèòèêà
22.
Kingdom - öàðñòâî
23. Time - âðåìÿ
24. a country – ñòðàíà
25. monarch – ìîíàðõ
26. to – ê
27. moment – ìîìåíò
28. got – ïîëó÷èëè
29. continued – ïðîäîëæàëîñü
30. before - äî
(zip - application/zip)
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