Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
РГПУ им. А.И. Герцена
Факультет иностранных языков
Modifications of the English vowels and consonants in connected speech
Работа
студентки III курса 1ПА группы
Синицыной Лидии Сергеевны
Санкт – Петербург
2012
Table of contents
1. The articulation of a speech sound in isolation……………………………2
2. Two ways of linking two adjacent speech sounds…………………………2
3. Modifications of sounds in English………………………………………...3
4. Modifications of consonants in connected speech. Assimilation..…………4
4.1 Assimilation affecting the place of articulation……………......................4
4.2 Assimilation affecting the manner of articulation.………………………..5
4.3 Assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords…………….................5
4.4 Assimilation affecting the work of the lips………………………………6
5. Modifications of consonants in connected speech. Accommodation………7
5.1 Accommodation affecting the lip position…………………………..........7
6. Modifications of consonants in connected speech. Elision……….………..7
7. Modifications of consonants in connected speech. Inserting of sounds……8
8. Modifications of Vowels in Connected Speech……………………………8
8.1. Modifications of vowels in Connected Speech. Quantitative changes.…..9
8.2. Modifications of vowels in Connected Speech. Qualitative changes…….9
1. The articulation of a speech sound in isolation.
There are two major classes of sounds traditionally distinguished in any language – consonants and vowels. From the perceptive point of view consonants are known to have voice and noise combined, while vowels are sounds consisted of voice only.
The complete articulation of a speech sound – a vowel or a consonant – when said by itself in isolation consists of three stages:
1. The on-glide stage, or the initial stage, during which the articulating organs move to the position necessary for the articulation of a sound.
2. The hold stage, or the retention-stage, during which the articulating organs are kept in the position for a certain period of time.
3. The off-glide (release) stage, or the final stage, during which the articulating organs return to a neutral position.
For example, the on-glide of [t], pronounced in isolation, is the contact formed by the tip of the tongue placed against the teeth ridge. During the hold stage the air is compressed behind the closure, during the explosion stage, the organs forming the obstruction part rapidly and the compressed air escapes abruptly. [2, c. 66-67]
Speech sounds are seldom said by themselves, they are used in combination with other sounds in connected speech.
2. Two ways of linking two adjacent speech sounds.
In English there are two principal ways of linking two adjacent speech sounds: merging of stages and interpenetration of stages.
The type of junction depends on the nature of the sounds that are joined together. As all English sounds come under the classification of consonants and vowels one may speak of joining:
(a) a consonant to a following vowel (C + V), as in the word me [mi:];
(b) a vowel to a following consonant (V + C), as in the word on [ɒn];
(c) two consonants (C + C), as in the word blow [bləʊ];
(d) two vowels (V + V), as in the word reality [rɪ"ælətɪ].
Merging of stages, as compared with interpenetration of stages, is a simpler and looser way of joining sounds together. It usually takes place if two adjacent sounds of a different nature are joined together. In this case the end of the preceding sound penetrates into the beginning of the following sound. In other words, the end of the first sound and the beginning of the second are articulated almost simultaneously.
Interpenetration of stages usually takes place when consonants of a similar or identical nature are joined. In this case the end of the first sound penetrates not only into the beginning but also into the middle part of the second sound, as in act [ækt], begged [begd]. [1, c. 63]
3. Modifications of sounds in English
Speech sounds influence each other in the flow of speech, as a result of the intercourse between consonants and vowels and within each class there appear such processes of connected speech as assimilation, accommodation, elision (which is sometimes termed deletion), inserting and vowel reduction.
The adaptive modification of a consonant by a neighbouring consonant in the speech chain is known as assimilation, e. g. the alveolar [t] followed by the interdental [θ] becomes dental: eighth [eɪtθ], at three [ət θriː].
The term accommodation is often used by linguists to denote the influence of the vowel on the consonant or the consonant on the vowel, for instance, some slight degree of nasalization of vowels preceded or followed by nasal sonorants: never ["nevə], men [men]; or labialization of consonants preceding the vowels [ɔ:, ɒ, u:, ʊ]: shoe [ʃuː], bull [bʊl].
Elision or complete loss of sounds, both vowels and consonants, is often observed in English. Elision is likely to be minimal in slow careful speech and maximal in rapid relaxed colloquial forms of speech.
Inserting is a process of sound addition.
One of the wide-spread sound changes is certainly vowel reduction. Reduction is actually qualitative or quantitative weakening of vowels in unstressed positions, e.g. board [bɔːd] – blackboard ["blækbɔd], man [mæn] – postman ["pəʊstmən].
These modifications are observed both within words and at word boundaries. [3, c. 71-72]
4. Modifications of consonants in connected speech. Assimilation.
4.1 Assimilation affecting the place of articulation.
Assimilation takes place when a sound changes its character in order to become more like a neighbouring sound. The characteristic which can vary in this way is nearly always the place of articulation, and the sounds concerned are commonly those which involve a complete closure at some point in the mouth that is plosives and nasals which may be illustrated as follows:
1. The alveolar [t], [d], followed by the interdental [θ], [ð] sounds, become dental (partial regressive assimilation – when the influence goes backwards from a "later" sound to an "earlier" one), e.g. breadth [bredθ], said that [sed ðæt], read this [ri:d ðɪs];
2. The alveolar [t], [d] under the influence of the post-alveolar [r] become post-alveolar (partial regressive assimilation), e.g. tree [triː], trip [trɪp], true [truː], trunk [trʌŋk], dry [draɪ], dream [driːm], the third room [ðə θɜːd ruːm];
3. The alveolar [t], [d] assimilate with a following palatal [j] and become affricates [ʧ], [ʤ] (incomplete regressive assimilation), e.g. graduate ["græʤʊeɪt], congratulate [kən"græʧʊleɪt], did you ["dɪʤu:], could you ["kʊʤu:];
4. The alveolar [s], [z] before palato-alveolar [∫] become palato-alveolar (complete regressive assimilation), e.g. horse-shoe ["hɔ:ʃʃu:], this shop [ðɪʃ "ʃɒp], does she ["dʌʃʃi:]; [3, c. 71-72]
5. The bilabial [m] before the labio-dental [f] becomes labio-dental (partial regressive assimilation), e.g. symphony ["sɪmfənɪ], triumph ["traɪəmf], comfort ["kʌmfət], come for me [kʌm fɔ: mɪ];
6. The alveolar [n] becomes dental, before the interdental [θ] (partial regressive assimilation), e.g. seventh ["sevənθ], on the desk [ɒn ðə desk];
7. The alveolar [n] becomes velar before the velar [k], e.g. thank [θæŋk], congress ["kɒŋgres]. [4]
The sounds commonly changing their place of articulation are alveolar stops.
4.2 Assimilation affecting the manner of articulation.
The manner of articulation is also changed as a result of assimilation, which may be illustrated as follows:
1. Loss of plosion. In the sequence of two plosive consonants the former loses its plosion: glad to see you [glæd tə si: jʊ], great trouble [greɪt trʌbl], and old clock [əʊld klɒk] (partial regressive assimilations).
2. Nasal plosion. In the sequence of a plosive followed by a nasal sonorant the manner of articulation of the plosive sound and the work of the soft palate are involved, which results in the nasal character of plosion release (partial regressive assimilations): sudden ["sʌdn], not now [nɒt naʊ], at night [ət naɪt], let me see [let mɪ si:].
3. Lateral plosion. In the sequence of a plosive followed by the lateral sonorant [1] the noise production of the plosive stop is changed into that of the lateral stop (partial regressive assimilations): settle ["setl], table ["teɪbl], at last [ət la:st]. It is obvious that in each of the occasions one characteristic feature of the phoneme is lost. [3, c. 71-72]
4.3 Assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords.
The voicing value of a consonant may also change through assimilation. This type of assimilation affects the work of the vocal cords and the force of articulation. In particular voiced lenis sounds become voiceless fortis when followed by another voiceless sound.
1. A voiceless consonant may be replaced by a voiced one under the influence of the adjacent voiced consonant, e.g. the voiceless [s] in goose [gu:s] is replaced by the voiced [z] in the compound noun gooseberry ["gʊzbəri] under the influence of the voiced [b].
2. A voiced consonant may be replaced by a voiceless one under the influence of the adjacent voiceless consonant, e.g. the voiced [z] in news [njuːz] is replaced by the voiceless consonant [s] in the compound noun newspaper ["njuːsˌpeɪpə] under the influence of the voiceless [p]. [1, c. 71]
In casual informal speech voicing assimilation is often met, e.g. have to do it ["hæf tə "du: ɪt], five past two ["faif pa:st "tu:]. The sounds which assimilate their voicing are usually voiced lenis fricatives assimilated to the initial voiceless fortis consonant of the following word.
3. The weak forms of the verbs is and has are assimilated to the final voiceless fortis consonants of the preceding word, e.g.: What is this? [wɒt ɪz ðɪs] – What"s this? [wɒts ðɪs]; your aunt"s coming [jər ɑːnts "kʌmɪŋ]; What"s your name? [wɒts jə neɪm];
4. English sonorants [m, n, r, l, j, w] preceded by the fortis voiceless consonants [p, t, k, s] are partially devoiced (partial progressive assimilation), e.g. smart [smɑːt], snake [sneɪk], tray [treɪ], quick [kwɪk], twin [twɪn], play [pleɪ], pride [praɪd].
In English assimilation usually results in changing voiced lenis consonants into voiceless fortis, e.g. of course [əf"kɔ:s]. The change of voiceless fortis consonants into voiced lenis as a result of assimilation is not typical. [3, c. 74-75]
4.4 Assimilation affecting the work of the lips
Consonants followed by the sonorant [w] change their lip-position. They become lip-rounded in anticipation of [w], e.g. twinkle ["twɪŋkl], quite [kwaɪt], swan [swɒn], language ["læŋgwɪʤ], quick [kwɪk], twenty [twenty] [1, c. 71]
5. Modifications of consonants in connected speech. Accommodation.
5.1 Accommodation affecting the lip position
In accommodation the accommodated sound does not change its main phonemic features and is pronounced as a variant of the same phoneme slightly modified under the influence of a neighbouring sound. [1, c. 74]
Lip positionmay be affected by the accommodation, the interchange of “consonant + vowel type”.
1. Labialisation of consonants is traced under the influence of the neighbouring back vowels, e.g. pool [puːl], moon [muːn], rude [ruːd], soon [suːn], who [huː], cool [kuːl], etc.
2. It is possible to speak about the spread lip position of consonants followed or preceded by front vowels [i:], [ɪ], e.g. tea [tiː], beat [biːt]; meet [miːt], team [tiːm]; sit [sɪt], miss [mɪs].
Assimilation affecting the place of articulation is considered to be most typical of the English sound system. [3, c. 75]
6. Modifications of consonants in connected speech. Elision
Elision or complete loss of sounds, both vowels and consonants, is observed in the structure of English words. It is typical of rapid colloquial speech and marks the following sounds:
1. Loss of [h] in personal and possessive pronouns he, his, her, him and the forms of the auxiliary verb have, has, had is widespread, e.g. What has he done? ["wɒt əz ɪ ˎdʌn].
2. [1] tends to be lost when preceded by [ɔ:], e.g. always ["ɔ:weɪz], already [ɔ:"redi], all right [ɔ:"raɪt].
3. Alveolar plosives are often elided in case the cluster is followed by another consonant, e.g. next day ["neks "deɪ], just one ["ʤʌs "wʌn], mashed potatoes ["mæʃ pə"teɪtəʊz]. If a vowel follows, the consonant remains, e.g. first of all ["fɜːst əv "ɔ:l]. Whole syllables may be elided in rapid speech: library ["laɪbri], literary ["lɪtri].
Examples of historical elision are also known. They are initial consonants in write [raɪt], know [nəʊ], knight [naɪt], the medial consonant [t] in fasten ["fɑːs(ə)n], listen ["lɪs(ə)n], whistle ["wɪsl], castle ["kɑːsl]. [3, c. 76-77]
7. Modifications of consonants in connected speech. Inserting of sounds
While the elision is a very common process in connected speech, sounds also can be inserted occasionally.
1. The linking and intrusive [r] are both part of the same phonetic process of [r] insertion.
When a word which ends in a vowel is followed by another word beginning with a vowel, the so-called intrusive "r" is sometimes pronounced between the vowels, e.g. Asia and Africa ["eɪʃər ənd "æfrɪkə], the idea of it [ði aɪ"dɪər ɒv ɪt], ma and pa ["ma:r ənd "pa:].
The so-called linking "r" is a common example of insertion, e.g. clearer [klɪərə], a teacher of English ["tiːʧər əv "ɪŋglɪʃ].
2. When the word-final vowel is a diphthong which glides to [ɪ] such as [aɪ], [eɪ] the palatal sonorant [j] tends to be inserted, e.g saying ["seɪjɪŋ]; trying [trajɪŋ].
3. In case of the [u]-gliding in diphthongs [əʊ], [aʊ] the bilabial sonorant [w] is sometimes inserted, e.g. going ["gəʊwıŋ], allowing [ə"laʊwıŋ].
The process of inserting the sonorants [r], [j] or [w] may seem to contradict the tendency towards the economy of articulatory efforts. The explanation for it lies in the fact that it is apparently easier from the articulatory point of view to insert those sounds than to leave them out. [3, c. 77]
8. Modifications of vowels in Connected Speech
The modifications of vowels in a speech chain are traced in the following directions: they are either quantitative or qualitative or both. These changes of vowels in a speech continuum are determined by a number of factors such as the position of the vowel in the word, accentual structure, tempo of speech, rhythm, etc.
8.1. Modifications of vowels in Connected Speech. Quantitative changes
The decrease of the vowel quantity or in other words the shortening of the vowel length is known as a quantitative modification of vowels, which may be illustrated as follows:
1. The shortening of the vowel – length occurs in unstressed positions, e. g. blackboard ["blækbɔd], sorrow ["sɒrəʊ] (reduction). In these cases reduction affects both the length of the unstressed vowels and their quality (quantitative reduction).
Form words often demonstrate quantitative reduction in unstressed positions, e.g. At last he has ˎcome. – [ət la:st hi həz kʌm], but Is `he or ˎshe to blame? – [ɪz `hi: ə ˎʃi: tə bleɪm];
2. The length of a vowel depends on its position in a word. It varies in different phonetic environments. English vowels are said to have positional length, e.g. knee [niː] – need [niːd] – neat [niːt] (accommodation). The vowel [i:] is the longest in the final position, it is obviously shorter before the lenis voiced consonant [d], and it is the shortest before the fortis voiceless consonant [t].
8.2. Modifications of vowels in Connected Speech. Qualitative changes
Qualitative modification of most vowels occurs in unstressed positions. Unstressed vowels lose their "colour", their quality, which is illustrated by the examples below:
1. In unstressed syllables vowels of full value are usually subjected to qualitative changes, e.g. man [mæn] – sportsman ["spɔ:tsmən], conduct ["kɒndəkt] – conduct [kən"dʌkt]. In such cases the quality of the vowel is reduced to the neutral sound [ə] (qualitative reduction).
These examples illustrate the neutralized (reduced) allophones of the same phonemes as the same morphemes are opposed.
The neutral sound [ə] is the most frequent sound of English. In continuous text it represents about eleven per cent of all sounds. And if we add the occurrence of [ɪ] which is closely related to [ə] in unstressed positions we get a figure close to twenty per cent – nearly one sound in five is either [ə] or the unstressed [ı]. This high frequency of [ə] is the result of the rhythmic pattern: if unstressed syllables are given only a short duration, the vowel in them which might be otherwise full is reduced. It is common knowledge that English rhythm prefers a pattern in which stressed syllables alternate with unstressed ones.
The effect of this can be seen even in single words, where a shift of stress is often accompanied by a change of vowel quality; a full vowel becomes [ə], and [ə] becomes a full vowel. For example, analyse ["ænəlaɪz] – analysis [ə"nælɪsɪs]; in both words full vowels appear in the stressed positions, alternating with [ə] in unstressed position. It would be impossible to have [ə] in a stressed syllable, and almost as impossible to have a full vowel in every unstressed syllable.
2. Slight degree of nasalization marks vowels preceded or followed by the nasal consonants [n], [m], e.g. and [ænd], then [ðen], morning ["mɔːnɪŋ], men [men], never ["nevə], no [nəʊ] (accommodation).
The realization of reduction as well as assimilation and accommodation is connected with the style of speech. In rapid colloquial speech reduction may result in vowel elision, the complete omission of the unstressed vowel, which is also known as zero reduction. Zero reduction is likely to occur in a sequence of unstressed syllables, e.g. history ["hɪstri], factory ["fæktri], literature ["lɪtrəʧə], territory ["terɪtri].
The following example illustrates a stage-by-stage reduction (including zero reduction) of a phrase: e.g. Has he done it? [hæz hɪˏdʌn ɪt] [həz hɪ ˏdʌn ɪt] [əz ɪ ˏdʌn ɪt] [z ɪ ˏdʌn ɪt]. Certain interrelation which we observe between the full form of a word and its reduced forms is conditioned by the tempo, rhythm and style of speech. [3, c. 90]
Sounds in actual speech are seldom pronounced by themselves. They are usually pronounced together with other sounds within single words and at the junction of words in phrases and sentences. But in order to pronounce a word consisting of more than one sound, a phrase or a sentence, it is necessary to join the sounds together in the proper way. In the process of speech the degree of sound modifications may be different, varying from partial assimilation, when one sound feature is modified, like in tenth (alveolar [n] becomes dental) to actual loss of a sound, e.g. listen ["lɪsn], history ["hɪstrɪ], factory ["fæktrɪ], complete sound adaptation being the intermediate state: nice shoe ["naıʃ"ʃu:].
List of reference:
1. Васильев В.А. Фонетика английского языка. Нормативный курс: Учебник для институтов и фак. иностр. языков. – 2-е изд., перераб. – М: Высш. школа, 1980. - 256с.
2. Соколова М.А., Гинтовт К.П., Кантер Л.А., Крылова Н.И., Тихонова И.О., Шабадаш Г.А. Практическая фонетика английского языка: Учеб. для студ. высш. учеб. заведений. – М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС, 2001. – 384 с.
3. Соколова М.А., Гинтовт К.П., Тихонова И.С., Тихонова P.M. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка: Учеб. для студ. высш. учеб. заведений. – 3-е изд., стереотип. – М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС, 2006. – 286 c.
4. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка. Полный курс лекций по теоретической фонетике англ. языка. СГУ, ФРГЯ Преп.: Красса С.И. URL: http://www.durov.com/study/1119378694-206.html
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