Методическое пособие по английскому языку Higher Education (Высшее образование) для студентов первого курса сельскохозяйственной академии составлено в соответствии с программой по английскому языку для неязыковых высших учебных заведений, предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной  работы.

Печатается по решению методической комиссии лесотехнического факультета Пермской государственной сельскохозяйственной академии

(протокол №   от    )

Учебное издание

Предисловие

Методическое пособие составлено в соответствии с программой по английскому языку для неязыковых специальностей высших учебных заведений, предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов первого курса всех направлений очной и заочной формы обучения.

Основной и ведущей целью обучения на первом курсе является формирование иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции и развитие личности будущего специалиста аграрного комплекса. Коммуникативная и профессиональная направленность обусловила отбор и организацию речевого материала, с помощью которого осуществляется формирование лингвистической, социокультурной, учебно-тематической компетенции будущего специалиста аграрного комплекса. При работе над текстами студенты могут познакомиться с системой высшего образования России, Великобритании, США, Канады; с историей и организацией процесса обучения в ведущих вузах мира, а так же в вузах сельскохозяйственного профиля. Материалы пособия сгруппированы по пяти разделам: 1) Perm State Agricultural Academy, 2) Higher education in Russia, 3) Higher education in Great Britain, 4) Education in the United States, 5) Higher education system in Canada.

Содержательную основу разделов составляют аутентичные материалы из газет и журналов, интернет – сайтов Великобритании, США, Канады; тексты общественно - публицистического и научно - популярного характера, реклама, диалоги, позволяющие развивать коммуникативные умения. Каждый раздел имеет одинаковую структуру. Знакомство с основным содержанием раздела происходит с помощью текстов различного характера. В них вводятся также основные лексические единицы и грамматические структуры. Послетекстовые упражнения направлены на формирование лексико-грамматических навыков и организуют работу по развитию речевых умений в устной письменной речи. Студентам предлагаются различные стратегии работы с текстами для просмотрового, ориентирующего, ознакомительного и изучающего чтения. Все задания к текстам носят коммуникативный характер, учат высказывать свою точку зрения по очерченному кругу вопросов, аргументировать свое мнение на английском языке. Блок «Интересные факты» помогает знакомиться с информацией на английском языке в непринужденной форме. Заключительные упражнения раздела являются контрольно - обобщающими, позволяют студентам проверить, насколько хорошо они овладели умениями, необходимыми для осуществления иноязычного общения.

В пособии отсутствует тематический англо-русский словарь, поскольку все необходимые лексические единицы вводятся функционально в послетекстовых упражнениях.

Пособие ориентировано на развитие творческой деятельности студентов, требующих от них самостоятельности, речевой активности, инициативы.

PERM STATE AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY

Faculty	Fields of study
Faculty of agro technologies, forestry and processing of agricultural products	110400 Agronomy 110500 Horticulture 110900 Production and processing technology of agricultural products 250100 Forestry 250700 Landscape architecture
Faculty of soil science, agrochemistry, ecology and merchandising	020400 Biology 022000 Ecology and nature management 100800 Merchandising 110100 Agricultural chemistry and agrology
Faculty of architectural construction	270800 Construction
Faculty of veterinary medicine and zootechnics	111801 Veterinary science 111100 Zootechnics 111900 Veterinary – sanitary examination
Engineering faculty	111800 Agro engineering 280700 Safety in technosphere 190600 Transport and technological machinery maintenance
Faculty of economics, finance and commerce	080100 Economics 080200 Management 100700 Commercial business
Faculty of applied informatics	230400 Information systems and technologies 230700 Applied informatics
Faculty of land management and cadastre	120700 Land management and cadastres

·       Many interesting subjects:

Mathematics	Statistics
Chemistry	Physics
Botany	English/German/French
Latin	Physical Training (PT)
Crop Growing	Anatomy of Farm Animals
Animal Husbandry	Farm Machines
Book Keeping / Accounting	Agriculture
Pig-Breeding	Economy of Agricultural Product
Drawing	Flower Growing
Vegetable Growing	Soil Science
Tractors and Cars	Plant Physiology
Building Materials	Animal Physiology
Zoology	Cattle Breeding
Philosophy	Computer Science
Geodesy	History
	Machinery

Text 1

My Academy

My name is Victor Petrov. I am a student. I study at the Perm State Agricultural Academy. It is named after Dmitry Nikolayevich Pryanishnikov. He was a famous scientist and agrochemist.

Our academy is rather old. It was founded in 1918. At that time it wasn’t so big. It had only one faculty with three specialities. Nowadays the Perm State Agricultural Academy is very big. It has many faculties, for example: agronomy faculty, economy faculty, faculty of applied informatics, faculty of land use planning, engineering faculty and others.

I am a student of the agronomy faculty. This faculty was founded in 1918. Our faculty has many specialities: agronomy, wine growing, fruit- and vegetable growing and others. My speciality is agronomy. I am a full-time student. I am a second-year student. I like to study at this academy, because we take many new and interesting subjects such as mathematics, philosophy, English, physics, history, crop growing, plant physiology and others. At the end of each term I have to pass some tests and examinations.

1. Remember the words and word-combinations:

to study at  ["stʌdi]

faculty ["fækəlti]

extra-mural faculty [ɛkstrə"mjʊərəl]

speciality [spɛʃi"æliti]

department

to be a first (second) - year student

full-time student

extra-mural student

to take a subject

term

academic year

test

examination/exam

to take an exam

to pass an exam

to be at the head of

rector

dean

to have practical

to attend lectures/lessons

2. Pay attention to the reading of the following words:

agriculture ["ægri kʌlʧə]

 maths [mæθs] or mathematics [,mæθə" mætiks]

physics ["fiziks]

chemistry ["kemistri]

botany ["bɔtəni]

zoology [zo(u) "ɔləʤi]

physical education ["fizik(ə)l ,edju(:)"keiʃən]

history ["hist(ə)ri]

economics [,i:kə"nomiks]

computer science [kəm"pju:tə"saiəns]

3. Match the pictures with the names of subjects:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.7. 8.  9. 10. 11. 12.

a) chemistry	d) animal husbandry	g) farm machines	j) physics
b) book-keeping	e) English/German/French	h) flower growing	k) history
c) geodesy	f) physical culture	i) animal physiology	l) botany

4. Say what subjects must a future professional study.

A future landscape designer must study mathematics, botany, Latin, drawing, PT, farm machines, soil science and flower growing.

To become landscape designers students study mathematics, botany, Latin, drawing, PT, farm machines, soil science and flower growing.

To become	(an) economist		study	Mathematics
	(a) book-keeper	the students		Chemistry
A future	(a) manager			Botany
	(an) accountant	must		Latin
	(a) veterinary	need to		Crop Growing
It is necessary for a future …	(a) land organizer			Animal Husbandry
	(an) agronomist	to	learn	Pig-Breeding
	(an) agrochemist			Book Keeping  Accounting
	(a) farm engineer			Drawing
	(a) civil engineer			Vegetable Growing
				Geodesy

5. Odd one out.

a)    accountant, agronomist, engineer, doctor, zoo veterinary

b)   book, textbook, notebook, newspaper, journal, magazine

c)    classroom, laboratory, computer center, lecture hall, canteen

d)   lecture, practical class, test, seminar, consultation 

e)    student, teacher, professor, lecturer, laboratory assistant

6. Pay attention to the reading of the following words:

problem ["prɔbləm], information [infə"meiʃən], official [ə"fiʃəl], technology [tek "nɔləʤi], organization [ɔ:gənai"zeiʃən],

literature ["litəriʧə], process ["prouses], specialist ["speʃəlist],

gymnasium [ʤim"neizjəm], technical ["teknikəl],

technician [tek"niʃən], professional [prə"feʃənl], system ["sistəm],

programme ["prougræm], candidate ["kændidit],

discipline ["disiplin]

7. Find the united word:

1.    teacher, lesson, exercise, pupil, school

2.    education, school, institute, college, university

3.    mathematic, English, subject, physic, geodesy

4.    faculty, department, academy, group, student

5.    training specialist, theoretical study, practical work, industrial training

8. Mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the sentences.

1.    Our Academy is very young, it is ten years old.

2.    Our Academy has seven faculties.

3.    The Academy has an extra-mural department.

4.    The experimental and training base is very far from Perm.

5.    There is a very bad and old sports complex.

6.    Students don’t get scholarship.

7.    There is a big collection of books in our library.

8.    All teachers of the Academy are very clever and kind.

9.    The computer center is modern.

10.     All hostels are comfortable.

11.     The tuition is very high.

12.     The students can’t take leave of absence.

9. Complete the sentences with suitable words from the box.

center, grants, to study, hostel, scholarships, scientific, sports, newspapers, important, farm, Civil Engineering, Zoo veterinary, agricultural, old, big, Economy, faculties, Agronomy, extra-mural, spring, reading rooms, founded

I am a student of Pryanishnikov Perm (1)… Academy. Our Academy is rather (2) … .  It was (3)… in 1918. There are many (4)…: Farm Mechanization, (5)…, (6)…, (7)…, (8)… . More than 10 000 full-time and (9)… students study at the Academy. The Academy has one experimental and training (10)…. Students work there in (11)…, summer and autumn. It is very (12)… for agricultural students.

The Academy library has a (13)… collection of books, textbooks, journals and (14) … There are two (15)..., there are always many students there.

The Academy has a good computer (16)… and a modern (17)… complex. There are a students’ café, canteens, and buffets. Some students live at home and some at the (18)….

Students and post-graduates carry out researches in different fields of agriculture. Every year the Academy organizes students’ (19)… conferences. The students who study well get (20)… and the brightest students get (21)… .I like (22)… here.

10. Match antonyms:

1.    A clever man	a)    A bad mark
2.    Finals	b)   A graduate
3.    A first year student	c)    A dummy
4.    To pass a test	d)   New
5.    An excellent mark	e)    Paid education
6.    Free education	f)     To fail a test
7.    Old	g)    A fool
8.    To get a scholarship	h)   Entrance examinations
9.    A bright man	i)      Modern
10. To lose a scholarship	j)      A senior

Text 2

1. Read the article and complete it with correct words and word-combinations.

From the history of Perm Agricultural Academy

1.The Academy was founded …				a)    in 1918 b)   in 1946 c)    long ago
as …				a)    an independent institution b)   a faculty of agriculture at Perm University c)    a branch of Moscow Tymyryasev Academy
2. In 1911-1913 Perm Region (which consisted of Perm, Yekaterinburg and a part of Kurgan regions) was one of the best grain producers in Russia, but there were only …
			a)    1000 b)   100 c)    10 specialists of agriculture with higher education.
3. The young agricultural faculty had three departments …
			a)    agricultural, forestry and agrochemical b)   veterinary, grapes growing and forestry c)    agronomist and mechanization
4. Scientists of Perm agricultural faculty insisted on its presence in Perm Region while in 1922-23 it was an order to join either the Sverdlovsk University or the Vyatsky polytechnic.
5. Since 1922 the faculty worked at laboratory organizing, improving of training process, working out of textbooks on different agricultural subjects.
6. In 1924 ….					specialists of agronomy graduated from it.
		a)    15 b)   30 c)    40
Though in 1926 the total number became 260.
7. In 1930 the faculty was reorganized and got the title of …
	a)    Perm agricultural Institute b)   The Ural agricultural Institute c)    Molotov agricultural Institute
8. One of its graduates assistant F.A. Bykov was appointed a Director of the Institute.
9. Unfortunately the new organization took place: the Institute was divided into three  institutions with narrow specializations:          a) dairy and vegetable growing Institute in Lipovaya Gora          b) The Ural Institute of Agrochemistry          c) the Institute of spinning crops in Zyukaika
10. During these reorganizations and removals much equipment was lost and many specialists moved to the other agricultural institutions.
11. The living conditions of students and professors leave much to be desired.
12. In 1933 a wise decision was made ….
	a)    to move these three  Institutes to Yekaterinburg b)   to unite these ones into Perm Agricultural Institute c)    to close the Instituted in Lipovaya Gora and Zyukaika, leaving the one in Perm.
13. Since then the Institute flourished and became one of the best institutions of higher education in Russia.
14. In 1996 it got the status of State Academy.
15. This was its hard way of reorganization.

Text 3

Experimental and Training Farm

Our Academy has one experimental and training farm Lipovaya Gora. It was organized in 1923. The farm is the main production, training and scientific basis of the Academy. Here students get and master their practical skills. They get acquainted with plants, animals, farm machines and implements, organization methods of farming.

Scientists and students of the Academy also carry out research and experimental work; they test their ideas and theories here. They introduce advanced methods and intensive technology. The total agricultural area of the farm is 5 000 hectares, the area of the plow land is 2 700 hectares. The farm grows potatoes, wheat, rye, and oats. It provides our region with high quality and elite seed of these crops. The yields of grain crops are 70 centers per hectare, potatoes 350 centers per hectare. The farm breeds pedigree cattle of Tagil breed. The milk yields are about 5 000 kilograms per year. The farm has some subdivisions: experimental field, training ground, meteorological station, gardens, garage, granary, drying complex. The farm provides our Academy with milk, meat, vegetables.

1.Remember the words and word-combinations:

training farm - учебное хозяйство

skill - умение, сноровка

get acquainted - знакомиться

implement - инвентарь

farming - ведение сельского хозяйства

introduce - внедрять

advanced - передовой

breed - разводить, порода

pedigree - племенной

yield - урожай, надой

provide - снабжать, обеспечивать

crop - с/х культура

grain - зерно

2. Complete the following sentences:

1.    Perm Agricultural Academy has one …

2.    Students get and master …

3.    They get acquainted …

4.    Scientists and students carry out … and test …

5.    The farm provides our region …

3. Sum up about:

·       Your study at the Perm State Agricultural Academy

·       The history of Perm Agricultural Academy.

·       Experimental and training farm Lipovaya Gora.

·       Some of the reasons to apply to Perm Agricultural Academy

4. Test yourself.

1. The Perm State Agricultural Academy is named after …

a) Bykov F.A.    b) Pryanishnikov D.N.        c) Tymyryasev K.A.

2. He was a famous…

a) agronomist     b) farm engineer                   c) agrochemist

3. The Academy was founded in …

a) 1890               b) 1918                        c) 1946

4. At that time it had only … faculty.  

a) agronomy       b) forestry                    c) zoo veterinary

5. In 1996 it got the status of State …

a) Institute          b) College                    c) Academy

6.Experimental and Training Farm Lipovaya Gora was organized in …

a) 1918               b) 1923                         c) 1996

7. The farm Lipovaya Gora provides our region with …

a) flowers            b) elite seed of the crops      c) exotic fruits 

8. The academic year in our academy is divided into … terms.

a) two                  b) four                          c) six

HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA

Russia, a land of great scholars, has been a leading centre of culture, science and education in Europe for centuries. The country of Pushkin, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Mendeleyev, and Pavlov attracts people all over the world for education.

The higher education system in Russia has a distinguished reputation in the world. The standard of the higher education in Russia is considered to be one of the best in the world with advanced and sophisticated teaching methods and scientific approaches.

Text 1

History of education

Russia"s higher education system started with the foundation of the universities in Moscow and St. Petersburg in the middle of the 18th century. The system was constructed similar to that of Germany. In Soviet times all of the population in Russia had at least a secondary education. The pursuit of higher education was and still is considered to be very prestigious. More than 50% of people have a higher education.

Due in great part to demands of the international educational organizations, the system of education in Russia began to change over the past five to ten years. Universities began transitioning to a system similar to that of Britain and the USA: 4 years for the Bachelor"s degree and 2 years for the Master"s degree. The universities are still in the process of these changes; some of them offer the new system and others still work according to the prior 5-year system, particularly in programs such as law.

1.Words and expressions:

attract [ə"trækt] - привлекать

distinguished [di"stiŋgwiʃd] reputation - выдающаяся репутация

is considered - считается

sophisticated [sə"fistikeitid] - сложный

approach – подход

Bachelor"s degree - степень бакалавра

Master"s degree - степень магистра

2. Complete the following sentences:

1.    Higher education system in Russia started in …

2.    The system was constructed similar to that of …

3.    The system of education in Russia began transitioning to a system similar to that of … and …

4.    4 years for the … and 2 years for the … degree.

An interesting fact:

·             The literacy rate in Russia, according to the 2002 census, is 99.4% (99.7% men, 99.2% women);

·             16.0% of population over 15 years of age (17.6 million) have undergraduate level or higher education;

·             47.7% have completed secondary education (10 or 11 years);

·             26.5% have completed middle school (8 or 9 years) and 8.1% have elementary education.

Text 2

Higher education

Every citizen of our country has the right to education.

Education in Russia is compulsory up to the 9^th form inclusive. After finishing 9 forms of a secondary school young people can continue their education in the 10^th and the 11^th form. They can also go to a vocational or technical school, where they study academic subjects and receive a profession.

After finishing a secondary, vocational, technical school young people can start working or go on in higher education. They can enter an institute or a university. There are the following types of higher schools in Russia: universities, institutes, various higher military schools and academies. They train specialists in different fields. There are three departments at the universities and institutes of Russia: day-time, evening and extramural departments. The complete course of studies at an institute or a university usually takes 5 years.

Part-time students have an opportunity to study without leaving their jobs. All applicants must take competitive exams if they want to enter a higher educational establishment. Higher education institutions offer a program of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields, as well as a graduate course. If one finishes a graduate course and writes a thesis, he or she receives a candidate’s degree or a doctoral degree.

The system of higher education in Russia is going through a transitional period. The main objectives of the reform are: to decentralize the higher education system, to develop a new financial mechanism, to give more academic freedoms to faculties and students. All institutes and universities until recently have been funded by the state, the students have got scholarships. Now universities have fee-paying departments or courses where the cost of study is high and the students have to pay for their education.

Training specialists at our institutes combines theoretical studies with practical work and industrial training. Students have lectures and practical lessons. They attend lectures on a different subject and they take notes. During practical lessons they study the material of the lectures.

The academic year is divided into two terms from September to January and from February to July. Students take examinations at the end of a term or a study year. To pass examinations successfully students are to work hard during the academic year. They must not miss lectures and they must study regularly. Sometimes students take examinations and credit tests in   advance. At the end of each term the student submits a course paper, and at the end of course of studies he presents a graduation project or passes final state examinations.

Our country needs more and more specialists with higher education every year.

1. Skim through the text and say which of its paragraphs give the information about:

a) secondary education

b) types of higher schools in Russia

c) transitional period

2. Remember the words and expressions:

compulsory - обязательный

inclusive [in´klu:siv] - включительно

to decentralize - уничтожить централизацию

to be funded by the state  - финансироваться государством

in advance [əd´va:ns] -  заранее

to submit [səb’mit] - представлять

3. Match the words:

1	the right to education	A	училище
2	a secondary school	B	дневное отделение
3	a vocational school	C	абитуриент
4	a technical school	D	аспирантура
5	a day-time (full-time) department	E	степень кандидата наук
6	an evening (part-time) department	F	средняя школа
7	an extramural department	G	получать стипендию
8	an applicant [‘æplikənt]	H	право на образование
9	an undergraduate [Λndə´grædjuit]	I	вести конспект
10	a graduate course	J	вечернее отделение
11	a theses [өi:sis]	K	студент
12	a candidate degree	l	цель
13	an objective [ob´dзektiv]	L	заочное отделение
14	to get a scholarship	M	курсовая работа
15	to take notes	N	техникум
16	a course [ko:s] paper	O	дипломный проект
17	a graduation project	P	диссертация

4. Complete these sentences:

1. Every citizen of our country has the right to …

2. Education in Russia is compulsory up to …

3. Young people can also go to … or …, where they study … and receive...

4. There are the following types of higher schools in Russia: …

5. There are three departments at the universities and institutes: …

6. The complete course of studies at an institute or a university usually takes …

7. The main objectives of the reform are: …

8. Training specialists at our institutes combines …

9. The academic year is divided into …

10. Students take examinations at the end of …

5. Read the clues. Then find the words and circle them. The answers are written across or down. The first two answers are given.

1. Students have to pass some exams and ______s.

2. Students take examinations at the end of a term.

3. There are three departments at the universities: evening,  extra-mural  and ______ departments.

4. ______ in Russia is ______ up to the 9^th form.

5. Every _____ of our country has the right to education

6. Students study academic subjects and receive a_______.

7. All _______s must take competitive exams if they want to enter a higher educational establishment.

6. Answer the questions:

1.    How can young people continue their education after finishing 9 forms of a secondary school?

2.    What types of higher schools are there in Russia?

3.    How many departments are there at the universities and institutes of Russia?

4.    How many years does the complete course of studies usually take?

5.    What are the main objectives of the reform?

6.    Have all students got scholarships?

7.    When do students have to take examinations?

8.    What must students do to pass examinations successfully?

7. Say which facts given in the text were new to you?

8. Make up a story about the system of Higher education in Russia.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

Text 1

Higher education in Great Britain is provided by a great number of universities and polytechnics. There are about 50 universities in the country. They are divided into three types: the old universities (Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh Universities), the 19th century universities such as London and Manchester universities, and the new universities. The new universities are divided into various faculties, e.g. the faculty of science, faculty of social and economic studies. In each faculty there may be a number of departments dealing with separate subjects. Some years ago there were also polytechnics (now universities). After graduating from a polytechnic a student got a degree, but it was not a university degree. 30 former polytechnics were given university status in 1992. There are not only universities in Britain but also 350 colleges and institutes of higher education (some of which train teachers or professions connected with medicine). There is a competition to get into the best universities. They accept students mainly on the basis of their "A" level results.

The rules of teaching process differ from university to university. The teaching is based on the tutorial system as well as lectures. Each student has a tutor. He decides what lectures the students must attend, recommends books for reading, discusses and criticizes their written works. All lectures and examinations for all students are organized by the University authorities.

The academic year in Britain is divided into three terms, which usually run from October to December, from January to March and from April to June. Undergraduate courses normally take three years of full-time study, although a number of subjects take longer, including foreign languages (where courses include a year abroad). Medicine and dentistry courses are 5-7 years. After these years of studies and successful final examinations the students get their first degree B.A. -Bachelor of Arts or B.Sc. - Bachelor of Science. There are various postgraduate degrees, including Master and Doctor of Philosophy. The last two are awarded for research in arts and sciences.

At present, students who have been accepted by universities or other institutions of higher education receive a grant from their Local Education Authority, which covers the cost of the course, and may cover living expenses (accommodation, transport and food). This grant depends on the income of parents. Parents with higher incomes are expected to make a contribution. Until 1990 the grant did not have to be paid back, but now a system of loans has been introduced. That is why most students are to work. But students don"t usually have a job during term time because lectures and tutorials (small groups) are full time. However, many students now have to work in the evenings or during their vacation.

Most students live away from home, in flats or halls of residence.

1. Remember the words and word-combinations:

to be provided by - обеспечиваться

to be divided into — делиться

to deal with — иметь дело, касаться

status ["steitəs] - статус

a former polytechnic — бывший политехнический институт

to accept = to admit

on the basis of "A" level results - на основе результатов экзаменов продвинутого уровня

a tutorial system - система наставничества

an undergraduate course - курс для студентов

to take ... years - занимать ... лет

full-time study - дневное обучение

a Bachelor"s degree in Arts or Science - степень бакалавра гуманитарных или естественных наук

a postgraduate degree - ученая степень (присуждается после обучения в аспирантуре или докторантуре)

Master of Philosophy - магистр гуманитарных наук

to be awarded for smth - присуждается за что-либо

to receive a grant - получать стипендию

Local Education Authority - местный комитет по образованию

to cover the cost of smth - покрывать расходы на что-либо

living expenses - стоимость проживание

to make a contribution — зд.: возместить часть расходов

to introduce a system of loans - ввести систему займов.

2. Pay attention to the reading of the following words:

polytechnic [pɔli"teknik]; separate ["seprit]; status ["steitəs];        medicine ["medsin]; authority [ɔ:θɔriti]; successful [sək"sesful]; final [fainəl]; bachelor ["bæʧələ]; philosophy [fi"losəfi]; residence ["rezidəns]

3. TranslateintoEnglish:

1. В университеты принимают студентов в соответствии с результатами сдачи ими экзаменов продвинутого уровня.

2. Вузы Великобритании подразделяются на следующие типы: университеты (в том числе бывшие политехнические институты), колледжи и институты.

3. Обучение  студентов  обычно  приводит  к получению  степени бакалавра гуманитарных или естественных наук.

4. Степень  магистра присуждается   за  исследования  в области гуманитарных или естественных наук.

5. Студенты получают стипендии от местных органов власти, которые обязательно   покрывают  стоимость  обучения  и  иногда  -  стоимость проживания.

6. Была введена система займов, и сейчас студенты должны возвращать стипендию.

4. Answer the questions:

1. What is necessary to go on to higher education?

2. What types of higher educational establishments are there in the UK?

3. What is the procedure of awarding degrees?

4. What are the conditions of receiving grants?

5. Can you compare the system of higher education in the UK with the Russian one? (taking into account the academic year, types of higher educational establishments, getting degrees, receiving a grant, ect.)

5. Make up a story about the system of Higher education in the UK

6. Use the situations in the conversation:

1. You work as a guide in the U.K. A group of Russian students has arrived to London. They are interested in British higher education and universities. What would you tell them about it?

2. An English student is at your university. What questions would you like to ask him about his study and higher education in Great Britain?

Text 2

History of university and college

Universities originated in Europe during the eleventh century, but they were not the first in the world. Perhaps, the University of Al-Azhar founded in Cairo in 970 is one of the oldest still operating universities in the world.

European universities developed from monastery schools and their development took place so slowly that it is difficult to know the point at which they became universities. Many scholars believe that the oldest European university is the University of Bologna [ba"lounja], Italy. It was founded in the late tenth century, but it had existed as a law school since 890. The University of Paris developed during the eleventh century. Many other universities appeared in Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

These first schools were founded largely to serve the professions. They provided the first unified teaching of law, medicine, and theology. The lessons were conducted in the Latin language, which the students were to speak even among themselves.

The oldest universities in Britain Oxford and Cambridge were founded in the Middle Ages. They have much in common and are, therefore, often spoken together, and are sometimes called collectively for convenience as Oxbridge. The word "college" originated later. There were no colleges in those early days and students" life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all ages and came from everywhere. When the students began to settle in Oxford in the 12th century they lived as they could, lodging in inns and with townsfolk, or grouping themselves together and renting a house for their use.

The first college (Merton College) was founded in 1249 and it was associated only with the residence for students to lodge. Life in college was strict. Students were not allowed to play games, to sing or dance, to hunt or even to fish. Later, however, colleges developed into complete educational institutions.

1. Words and Expressions

to originate          возникать, брать начало

to develop           развиваться

scholar ["skɔlə] = scientist

law [lɔ:]               право, юриспруденция

to appear              появляться

to conduct           вести, руководить, направлять

to settle                селиться, обосноваться

to lodge               временно проживать, снимать комнату

inn                        гостиница, постоялый двор

townsfolk            горожане

to rent                  брать в аренду, внаем

to hunt                 охотиться

2. TrytoarrangetheUniversitiesinchronologicalorder.

Oxford, the University of Paris, the University of Bologna (Italy), Cambridge, Al-Azhar (Cairo)

3. Read the text and test yourself, write out the dates of foundation.

4. Read the text and find English equivalents of the next Russian word-combinations:

все еще действующий, монастырские школы, юридическая школа, унифицированное обучение, для удобства, всех возрастов, проживая в гостиницах, арендуя жилье

5. Complete the following sentences:

1. University education originated in....

2. Lectures and lessons were conducted in....

3. The word "college" was at first associated with....

4. The first college originated in....

5. Oxford and Cambridge have much in ... and they are called collectively as...

Text 3

Oxford

Part I

Oxford was founded in the 12^th century as an aristocratic University and retains its aristocratic character to the present day: the cost of studies is comparatively high. Students have to pay for using libraries and laboratories, as well as for taking examinations.

Oxford’s organization is very complicated. In fact, the University is a collection of 35 Colleges: two for women only, the rest taking both men and women. Each college is a world of its own which gives its students a specialized training in arts, law, medicine and science. The largest college has over 500 students; the smallest college has over 100 students.

The University is an administrative centre which arranges lectures for all students of the colleges, holds examinations and gives degrees.

The tutorial system of education used both in Oxford and Cambridge is one of the ways in which Oxbridge differs from other English Universities. Every student has a tutor in charge of planning his work and discussing its results with the student; the student’s duty is to regularly see his tutor and submit papers and essays. The tutorial system of education brings the student into personal contact with his tutor, the latter trying to influence the social and political life of the student.

The academic year in England has three terms; each term lasts from eight to ten weeks. Terminal examinations take place at the end of autumn, spring and summer terms. Final examinations take place at the end of the course of studies. If a student fails in an examination, he may be allowed to take the exam again, only two re-examinations being usually allowed.

1. Remember the words and word-combinations:

Oxford [ɒksfəd]              

Oxbridge ["ɒksbriʤ]

to retain one’s aristocratic character - сохранять аристократический характер

cost of studies - стоимость обучения

arts - гуманитарные науки

to arrange lectures - организовывать лекции

tutor [´tju:tə]  - преподаватель, наставник

to be in charge [´t∫a:ʤ] of smth - отвечать за ч-л

to influence - оказывать влияние

terminal examination - семестровый экзамен

final examination - выпускной экзамен

2. Complete the following sentences:

1. Oxford was founded in …

a) the 12^th century       b) the 13^th centure       c) long ago

2. The University is a collection of … Colleges.

a) 30                             b) 35                             c) 50

3. Every student has a tutor in charge …

a) of planning and discussing   b) of teaching   c) of taking exams

4. The tutorial system of education …

a) gives more academic freedoms          

b) brings the student into personal contact

c) is a new system

5. The academic year is divided into …

a) two terms                 b) three terms             c) four terms

6. Terminal examinations take place at the end of …

a) terms                        b) study                       c) academic year

7. If a student fails in an examination, he may …

a) take the exam again  

b) pay more  for study  

c) apply to Cambridge

8. Oxford retains … to the present day.

a) resources across the University

b) aristocratic character

c) high payment

Text 4

Part II

1. Read the article and choose the best title:

1)   Oxford University seeks to attract the best and brightest students.

2)   Ten reasons to apply to Oxford.

3)   Some of the reasons why you might like to apply

4)   College information

5)   Studying at Oxford

Oxford University has a world-class (1) … for academic excellence.

Oxford University is accessible to all students of talent and ability, whatever their background. The generous Oxford Opportunity Bursary ensures that finance should not be (2) … to any UK student who wants to apply to Oxford.

Oxford is one of the few universities in the world that bases its teaching on (3) …, which means more individual attention and teaching from your tutors, tailored to your learning needs.

Many Oxford tutors are international experts in their chosen fields. This engagement with research and scholarship enables students to have (4) … of their subject discipline.

College life is one of the University’s greatest assets, since a close college community provides a friendly and welcoming home for students who are living away for the first time. Students soon get to know each other, and (5) … get to know students individually, enabling them to respond to their individual academic needs.

Students have access to resources across the University: unrivalled libraries, sports facilities, laboratories, language-learning opportunities, computer equipment and music (6) ….

Oxford University provides a diverse study environment: undergraduate students represent over 130 (7) … as well as all nations and regions of the UK.

With clubs, societies and events organized by colleges and the wider University, as well as vibrant city nightlife, Oxford offers opportunities for whatever (8) … you may be looking for.

Most colleges offer student (9) …for two years of your course and many can offer accommodation for every year of your course, saving you the trouble and expense of privately rented accommodation.

Oxford University has an excellent graduate employment record. Students have the use of the comprehensive careers service and enter a huge range of careers. (10) … recognize that Oxford’s rigorous academic degree courses give graduates many transferable skills, as well as breadth and depth in their chosen subject.

2. Remember the words and word-combinations:

excellence - превосходство

accessible - доступный

engagement - обязательство

to enhance - усиливать, улучшать

facility -оборудование

accommodation - жильё

comprehensive - всеобъемлющий

employer - работодатель

employee - работающий по найму

3. Read the article again, and then complete it with the words or expressions from the box:

Employers       social life       the tutorial system       accommodation       tutors       an enhanced understanding        a barrier       facilities      reputation         nationalities

4. Mark the statements true (T) or false (F) according to the article:

1. Oxford gives students a high level of academic education.

2. Oxford University is accessible to all students from the UK.

3. The organization system of Oxford doesn’t differ from that of all other universities and colleges.

4. Teaching is carried out by tutorial system.

5. Your tutor gives individual support and encourages you to develop your full potential.

6. Most colleges offer student accommodation for five years.

7. Students haven’t access to resources across the University.

8. The Oxford system combines the best of one-to-one or small-group teaching in college with the wealth of resources in the University.

9. Not many children from the working-class families are able to receive the higher education at Oxford.

10. There aren’t many societies and clubs at Oxford.

Text 5

Cambridge is the second oldest university in Britain. Cambridge University was opened in 1284 with the construction of the first college, Peterhouse. At present Cambridge University comprises twenty eight colleges of which one is only for men and two of them are women’s colleges (the first women’s college was opened in 1869); the remaining twenty five take both men and women.

Lying on the river Cam, the city of Cambridge takes its name from the river. The old university city where mostly teachers and students live is full of ancient buildings, chapels and libraries; college buildings are located there, too.

In the old times student’s life was full of restrictions. Students of Cambridge were not allowed to play games, sing, hunt, and fish or even to dance; they had to wear special dark clothes and the “squares”, the academic caps they still wear in our days. During the course all students have to live in the college; there are at present over 9 000 students in residence.

Cambridge has won international fame as the university were historical figures and personalities of literature and science received their education, Cromwell, Newton, Byron, Tennyson and Darwin among them. The great Russian scientist I.P. Pavlov came to Cambridge to receive the degree of the Honorary Doctor of Cambridge.  Cambridge University has made the city of Cambridge internationally famous as a centre of science where Rutherford, Kapitza and other famous scientists have worked.

1. Remember the words and word-combinations:

Cambridge ["keimbriʤ]

restriction [ri"strikʃən] - ограничение

to be in residence - проживать

to receive a degree of the Honorary Doctor of Cambridge - получить ученую степень почетного доктора Кембриджа

2. Complete the following sentences:

1. Cambridge is … university in Britain.

a) the oldest                

b) the second oldest   

c) the youngest

2. The University is a collection of … Colleges.

a) 28                            

b) 30                            

c) 35

3. The first women’s college was founded in …

a) 1284                        

b) 1869                       

c) 1918

4. The city of Cambridge is situated on the river …

a) Thames                   

b) Cam                        

c) Severn

5.  The students wear … in our days.

a) dark clothes            

b) academic caps        

c) dark blue trousers

6. All students have …

a) to live in inns         

b) to  rent a house      

c) to live in the college

Text 6

Oxbridge

Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Britain. Known together as “Oxbridge” (the word was invented by Lewis Carroll, the author of “Alice in Wonderland” and a lecturer in mathematics at Oxford), they have been chosen as national icons.

History

Of the two universities Oxford is the oldest. Nobody knows for sure when it was founded but teaching was already going on there by the early 12^th century. Life was hard at Oxford at that time because there was constant trouble, even fighting, between the townspeople and the students. Then one day a student accidentally killed a man of the town. The Mayor arrested three other students who were innocent, and by order of King John they were hanged. In protest, many students and teachers left Oxford and settled in another little town, and so the University of Cambridge was born.

Since then there has been constant friendly (and sometimes not-so-friendly) rivalry between Oxford and Cambridge.

Amazing facts

·       In the early centuries, Oxford and Cambridge were the only universities in the country – if you wanted a university education, that’s where you went. But in those days student life was very different from what it is now. Students were not allowed to play games, to sing or to dance and all the lessons were in Latin.

·       Until the late 19^th century, only men were allowed to be students at the two universities.

·       Both Oxford and Cambridge students refer to each other as ‘the other place’. Oxonians sometimes call Cambridge ‘a pale imitation of the real thing’. (Cambridge’s colours are light blue). Cantabrigians (people of Cambridge) refer to Oxford as ‘the dark side’. (Oxford’s colours are dark blue).

Lots and lots of colleges

It might seem strange to you but there isn’t really any university at Oxford or Cambridge. Oxbridge is made up of independent colleges. The ‘University’ is just an administrative body that organises lectures, arranges exams, gives degrees, etc.

Today, there are 70 colleges at Oxbridge, and each college has its name, its coat of arms and its own buildings, including a chapel, a library, a dining hall and rooms for students to live in. Each college has its own character and its own traditions.

As well as the college libraries, there are two university libraries. They have the right to have a free copy of every book published in Britain.

Teaching system

Each Oxbridge college has its own staff, known as ‘Fellows’. The Fellows teach the college students either one-to-one or in very small groups (known as ‘tutorials’ in Oxford and ‘supervisions’ in Cambridge). This system of teaching is one of the ways in which Oxford and Cambridge differ from other universities.

Students also go to lectures that are arranged by the University and are open to all students.

The normal length of the degree course is three years, after which the students take the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Some courses, such as medicine or languages, may be one or two years longer. The students may work for other degrees as well.

Societies

There are lots and lots of societies at Oxbridge: debating clubs, drama societies, philosophy societies, language clubs, political clubs of all colours, cinema clubs, in fact, for almost every activity under the sun!

Sport

Sport is a very important part of Oxbridge life. Colleges within each university often compete with each other in various tournaments (for example, rowing, punting, chess), but will happily pool their talent to form university teams for competitions against the greater ‘enemy’ (Oxford or Cambridge as the case may be).

The most famous competition between the two universities is the Boat Race, a rowing race which takes place every year on the River Thames. It’s a popular national event and is shown on television.

Did you know?

Oxbridge has 35,000 students from the UK and all over the world.

Oxbridge graduates often become powerful and successful members in British society, and many leading people in professions such as the law and politics have traditionally been ‘Oxbridge-educated’. Of 54 British Prime Ministers, 40 studied at Oxbridge.

Are you Oxbridge material?

·       Why don’t we just have one ear in the middle of our face?

·       What percentage of the world’s water is contained in a cow?

·       Why can’t you light a candle in a spaceship?

·       Of all 19^th – a century politician, who was most like Tony Blair?

If you can answer any of these questions then you are Oxbridge material. Interviews are the key to getting into top universities, and potential students are often asked challenging questions. With such questions, the interviewers hope to determine the student’s originality, logical thinking and quick-wittedness. Each year, about 26,000 students go for interviews at Oxbridge but only 26% are successful.

The beautiful views of Oxford’s ‘dreaming spires’ have become iconic indeed. It was Matthew Arnold? The 19^th –century poet, who called Oxford ‘that sweet city with her dreaming spires’.

Most of the dining halls at Oxbridge are wonderful. In the picture, you can see the dining hall of the famous Christ Church College, Oxford, which was used as the inspiration for the Hogwarts dining room in the Harry Potter films.

1. Remember the words and word-combinations:

prestigious [pre´stidзəs] – престижный

city of dreaming spires [´spaiəz] – город дремлющих шпилей

to found [faund] – основывать, создавать

constant [´konstənt] – постоянный

fighting [´faitiŋ] – столкновение, драка

townspeople [´taunzֽpi:pl] – горожане

accidentally [ֽæksi´dentəli] – случайно, непредумышленно

mayor [meə] – мэр

innocent [´inəsənt] – невиновный

to hang (hanged) – вешать, казнить через повешение

to settle [´setl] – поселяться

rivalry [´raivəlri] – соперничество

Oxonian [ok´səuniən] – студент, выпускник Оксфордского университета

pale – бедный

Cantabrigian [ֽkæntə´brdзiən] – студент, выпускник Кембриджского университета

administrative body [ədֽministrətiv´bodi] – административный орган

to arrange [ə´reindз] – организовывать

coat of arms [ֽkəut əv´a:mz] – герб

chapel [´t∫æpl] – часовня

medieval [ֽmedi´i:v] – средневековый

staff [sta:f] – штат, персонал

tutorial [tju:´to:riəl], supervision [ֽs(j)u:pə´viзn] – консультация, практические занятия с руководителем

rowing [´rəuiŋ] – гребля

punting [´pΛntiŋ] – пантинг (гребля на плоскодонных яликах с шестом)

to pool – объединять в общий фонд

enemy [´enəmi] – враг

interview [´intəvju:] – беседа, собеседование

challenging [´t∫æləndзiŋ] – трудный, нестандартный

quick-wittedness [ֽkwik´witidnəs] – находчивость, сообразительность

inspiration [inspə´rei∫n] - вдохновение

2. Skim through the text and say which of its paragraphs gives information about:

a) the accident in Oxford;

b) student’s clothes;

c) the ways in which Oxford and Cambridge differ from other universities.

3. Find sentences with the following words and phrases in the text and translate them into Russian:

city of dreaming spires; to settle; rivalry; administrative body; tutorial; supervision; quick-wittedness.

4. Complete the sentences by adding one word.

1. Oxbridge is made up of independent...

2. Of the two universities is the oldest …

3. The ‘University’ is just an administrative …

4. Today, there are … colleges at Oxbridge.

5. Each college has its own …

6. University libraries have the … to have a free copy of every book published in Britain.

7. Each college has its own staff, known as ‘…’.

8. After … years the students take the degree of Bachelor of Arts.

9. There are lots and lots of … at Oxbridge.

10. The most famous competition between the two universities is the Boat ….

Text 7

The University of London

In 1836 the University of London was created to conduct the examination and to grant degrees upon the students from any institution situated anywhere in the British Empire.

Up until 1900 the University of London was only an examining and degree-awarding body, but in that year an Act of Parliament permitted to provide lecture rooms, museums, laboratories, work shops, etc. for both teaching and research. Today the University of London is a federation of colleges, each largely independent. There are four faculties of Theology, thirteen of Arts, thirty-one of Medicine, ten of Science, etc.

The University of London grants degrees to all who satisfy its examinations, with the exceptions of engineering and medical degrees (for which the study at an approved institution is required). The London external degree has been of great importance in the development of the university system.

Many of the new independent universities were at first university colleges (i.e. university institutions which could not award their own degrees) and for them the University of London became the degree-awarding body. The London external degree is very important to students in technical colleges and some teacher-training colleges, as well as for private students working on their own, away from educational centers.

The development of new qualifications (e.g. the new Diploma in Technology) and increasing enrolments in regular university courses have made the external degree less important.

1. Find the English equivalents to the following:

a) … был только органом, принимавшим экзамены и присваивавшим степени

b) Лондонский университет присваивает степени всем, кто выдерживает экзамены.

c) … степень, присеваемая заочно, имеет очень большое значение.

2. Point out what information is given in the text:

1) One of the characteristic features of our public education is the equal right to education for all citizens.

2) The specialized institutes train specialists for one of the fields of culture or national economy.

3) The development of new qualifications (e.g. the new Diploma in Technology) has made the external degree of the University less important.

3. Mark the statements true (T) or false (F) according to the article.

1. The University of London is the oldest university in Great Britain.

2. In 1836 the University of London was created to grant degrees the students from the British Empire.

3. The University of London is one independent college.

4. The University of London has four faculties.

5. The London external degree hasn’t been of great importance in the development of the university system.

6. The development of new qualifications and increasing enrolments in regular university courses have made the external degree less important.

4. Read and complete the e-mail with the verbs from the box.

a) allowed b) let    c) make    d) allowed to    e) makes    f) doesn’t let

Hi, Michele,

We’re having great fun in London, except for the problems with our host family. The lady we are staying with is very strict and she 1) _______ us come home by 10 p.m. every evening, so we can’t go out with the other students, which is a shame. We aren’t 2) ________ to bring friends home either, and she 3) ________ us cook. We have to eat her cooking all the time, and it’s terrible! The school is really good though, and we like our teachers. They 4) ________ us study hard, but we’re 5) _______ choose which books we use, and they 6) ________ us talk in Spanish if we need to. Hope you’re having a good time on the beach!

Lots of love

Marianna

5. Test yourself.

1. This university town is the location for Harry Potter"s Hogwarts Hall.

a) Oxford      b) Bristol        c) Bath       d) Cambridge

2. The Boat Race is rowed between which two universities?
a) Cambridge and Durham          b) Durham and Bath

c) Oxford and Durham                  d) Oxford and Cambridge

3. What universities have the highest academic reputation in the UK?

a) London University and Bristol University

b) Redbrick Universities

c) Cambridge University and Oxford University

d) Glasgow University

4. What is the first degree awarded by universities?

a) a doctor’s degree              b) a bachelor’s degree

c) a master’s degree              d) nothing

5. This university is a collection of 35 colleges.

a) Oxford      b) Bristol        c) Bath       d) Cambridge

6. A university consists of a number of …: art, law, music, economy, education, medicine, engineering, etc.

a) colleges          b) faculties         c) departments   d) institutes

7. The organization … of Oxford and Cambridge differs from that of all other universities and colleges.

a) life                  b) system            c) structure

8. Each student goes to his ….  to read and discuss an essay which the student has prepared.

a) teacher            b) professor        c) tutor                d) assistant

9. This university includes internal and external students only to sit for their examinations.

a) Oxford   b) Bristol University   c) London University  d) Cambridge

10. British University year is divided into … terms.

a) 2            b) 3                     c) 4                      d) 5

6. Give the Russian equivalents to the following:

a graduate course; to get a scholarship; cost of studies; to arrange lectures; tutor; Oxonian; Cantabrigian; tutorial system; scholar; on the basis of “A” level results; a former polytechnic.

7. Make up a story about:

·       one University in Great Britain

·       the system of Higher education in Great Britain

EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES

Text 1

Elementary Schools, High Schools and Institutions

of Higher Learning

There are eight years of elementary schooling. The elementary school is followed by four years of secondary school, or high school. Often the last two years of elementary and the first years of secondary school are combined into a junior high school.

The school year is nine months in length, beginning early in September and continuing until about the first of June, with a vacation of week or two at Christmas time and sometimes a shorter one in spring. There are slight variations from place to place. Students enter the first grade at the age of six and attendance is compulsory in most states until the age of sixteen or until the student has finished the eighth grade.

The elementary schools tend to be small. The high schools are generally larger and accommodate pupils from four or five elementary schools. A small town generally has several elementary schools and one high school. In some rural communities the one-room country school house still exists. Here may be found from five to twenty-five pupils in grades one through eight, all taught by the same teacher.

Admission to the American high school is automatic on completion of the elementary school. During the four-year high school program the student studies four or five major subjects per year, and classes in each of these subjects meet for an hour a day, five days a week. In addition, the student usually has classes in physical education, music, and art several times a week. If he fails a course, he repeats only that course and not the work of the entire year. Students must complete a certain number of courses in order to receive a diploma, or a certificate of graduation.

Institutions of higher learning supported by pub­lic funds are not absolutely free. The state colleges and universities charge a fee for tuition or registration. This fee is higher for those who come from outside the state. Working one"s way through college is commonplace.

Usually there is no admission examination required by a state university for those who have finished high school within the state. Sometimes a certain pattern of high school studies is necessary, however, and some state universities require a certain scholastic average, or average of high school grades.

Private colleges and universities, especially the larger, well-known ones such as Harvard, Princeton, and Yale, have rigid scholastic requirements for entrance, including an examination.

It usually takes four years to meet the requirements for a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree.  A Master of Arts or Master of Science degree may be obtained in one or two additional years. The highest academic degree is the Doctor of Philosophy. It may take any number of years to complete the original research work necessary to obtain this degree.

1. Remember the words and word-combinations:

Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BS) degree	степень бакалавра, присуждаемая по окончании четырехгодичного колледжа
Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS) degree	степень магистра
the Doctor of Philosophy	«доктор философии» (Ph. D.) в той или иной области («доктор философии в медицине», «доктор философии в физике»)

2. Find sentences with the following words and phrases in the text and translate them into Russian:

vacation, attendance is compulsory, to accommodate, rural community, a one-room country school house, to be taught by the same teacher, admission to school, major subjects, to receive a diploma, a fee for tuition.

3. Find sentences that give the information about:

a) the school year;

b) a one-room country school house;

c) the subjects studied at high school;

d) fee for tuition;

e) academic degrees.

4. Find answers to the following questions in the text:

1) When does the school year begin?

2) Are elementary schools big or small?

3) Do one-room country school houses still exist in the USA?

Text 2

School Curriculum

From Hawaii to Delaware, from Alaska to Louisiana, each of the 50 states in the USA has its own laws regu­lating education. From state to state some laws are simi­lar, others are not. For example, all states require young people to attend school (the age limits vary: seven to six­teen, six to eighteen, etc.).

Though there is no national curriculum in the United States, certain subjects are taught across the country. Almost every elementary school provides instruction in these subjects: mathematics, lan­guage arts (a subject that includes reading, grammar, composition and literature), penmanship, science, so­cial studies (a subject that includes history, geography, citizenship and economics), music, art and physical education.

In many elementary schools, courses in the use of computers have been introduced. And in some cases, a foreign language is offered in the upper elemen­tary school. Not all schools offer any foreign language course, if they do, it usually lasts for no longer than half a year. In general, it is not necessary to study a for­eign language to get a high school diploma. But if one plans to enter a college or university, one should study a foreign language for no less than two years.

1. Remember the words and word-combinations:

home economics ["houm i:kə"nomiks]

handicrafts ["hændikra:fts]

physical education ["fizik(ə)l edju(:)"keiʃən]

geography [ʤi"ɔgrəfi]

art painting [" a:t"peintiŋ]

typing ["taipiŋ]

Russian language and literature ["rʌʃ(ə)n "læŋgwiʤ ənd "litrəʧə]

music ["mju:zik]

economics [i:kə"nomiks ]

computer science [kəm"pju:tə "saiəns]

penmanship [" penmənʃip] — каллиграфия, чистописание

citizenship ["sitiznʃip] - права и обязанности гражданина

2. Find sentences that give the information about:

a) the age limits for attending school in the USA;

b) the subjects taught at the elementary school,

c) the way a foreign language is taught at school

3. Find answers to the following questions in the text:

1) Are the laws regulating education the same across the USA?

2) What are the subjects offered in elementary schools?

3) What courses have been introduced in elementary schools?

4) Is it necessary to study a foreign language to get a high school diploma in the USA?

5) How long should a student study a foreign lan­guage at high school before entering a college?

Text 3

Higher Educational Institutions

It has become common for the college program to be divided into broad fields, such as languages and literature, the social sciences, the sciences and mathematics, and the fine arts. Many colleges require all freshmen and sophomores to take one or two full-year courses in each of three fields. Certain courses, such as English or history, may be required for all, with some election permitted in the other fields.

Higher educational institutions usually are governed by a board of regents or a board of trustees.

The executive head of a college or a university is usu­ally called the president. The various colleges or schools which take up a university are headed by deans. Within a school or college there may be departments according to subject matter fields, each of which may be headed by a professor who is designated as department head or chairman. Other members of the faculty hold academic ranks, such as instructor, assistant professor, associate professor, and professor. Graduate students who give some part-time service may be designated as graduate assistants or fellows.

Professional education in fields such as agriculture, dentistry, law, engineering, medicine, pharmacy, teaching, etc. is pursued in professional schools which may be part of a university or may be separate institutions which confine their instruction to a single profession. Often two, three, or four years of pre-professional liberal arts edu­cation are required before admission to a professional school. Three to five years of specialized training lead to professional degrees such as Doctor of Medicine, Bachelor of Law, etc.

1. Skim through the text and say which of its paragraphs gives the information about:

a) professional education;

b) the broad fields into which the college educations may be divided into;

c) the administration of a college.

2. Find sentences with the following words and phrases in the text and translate them into Russian:

social sciences, the sciences and mathematics, the fine arts, a freshman, a sophomore, a board of regents, the ex­ecutive head of, a president of a college, a dean, a depart­ment, chairman, department head, an instructor, assistant professor, associate professor, a graduate student, dentistry, pharmacy, liberal arts education

3. Find answers to the following questions in the text:

1) Which are the fields the college program is commonly divided into?

2) Which courses do many colleges require all freshmen and sophomores to take?

3) Who usually governs higher educational institutions?

4) Who is the executive head of a college or a university?

5) Who governs the departments of a college or school?

6) Who are other members of the faculty?

7) How are graduate students who give some part-time service called?

8) What professional education fields can you name?

9) How many years of pre-professional liberal arts education are required?

10) How many years of specialized training are required for getting a degree?

Text 4

Colleges which are as different as geese

are different from swans

Entering a college does not mean much in itself. What is meaningful is how long students stay and what college they enter. Many people enter a college, take one or two courses, and drop out.

More than half of all students who enter colleges drop out before graduation. The drop-outs are more often from middle class than upper America, and more often from blue-collar than from professional families. It is the col­lege degree that really counts in the world of work and income. Anything less than a degree is not much better than high school graduation. Students enter colleges that are as different as geese from swans. In the range are Negro junior college of Natchez, say, and Harvard. Again: in the world of work and income, the difference is huge.

High costs, high admission standards, the need to work — all conspire to keep the sons of middle America on assembly line or war front and out of college. Sel­dom will they enter a first-rate university, except on an athletic scholarship. At best, they make it a junior col­lege or perhaps even a state college.

Middle Americans are more often part-time students than the affluent. Many must work their way through school and limit their college work to an occasional course in the evening. Even when he goes to the same school as the affluent, the middle American is more likely to en­ter a course of study that has a low pay-off in the job market — such as teaching, social work, nursing, etc.

The worker"s child who becomes a graduate student is, ironically, less likely than others to get a student tu­ition stipend.

Nationally, only about one of four boys who rank in the top 30 p.c. of the high school classes go to college. According to the National Science Foundation, the main reason the other three do not attend is inadequate fi­nancial resources.

1. Find answers to the following questions in the text:

1) How many students drop out from colleges before graduation?

2) Who are the drop-outs — youths from the middle class or from the upper class, blue-collar or professional families?

3) What keeps the sons of middle America out of college?

4)  Who usually enters a first-rate university?

5) Who is more often a part-time student?

6) Who is likely to enter a course of study that has a low pay-off in the job market?

7) What professions have a low pay-off in the job market in the USA?

8)  Is a worker"s child less or more likely than others to get a student tuition stipend?

9) What is the main reason that about one of four boys who rank in the top 30 p.c. of their high school classes go to college?

10) Who usually works one"s way through college?

2. Say which facts given in the text were new to you.

Text 5

Private and State Colleges and Universities

Harvard College was established in 1636, with the principal purpose of providing a literate ministry for colonial churches. It was a small institution, enrolling only 20 students in 1642 and 60 in 1660. It soon be­came more than a theological training school and es­tablished itself as a liberal arts college. The next insti­tution of higher learning established in the American colonies was the College of William and Mary, which opened in 1693 at Williamsburg, Virginia. Other col­leges were founded in the next century, but all of them remained small schools for long periods. Students en­tered at the age of 14 and remained until they were 18, and the curriculum, while rigidly academic and classic was by modern standards rather secondary in nature.

Private colle­ges and universi­ties were estab­lished in various states. The first state university was the Univer­sity of Virginia, founded in 1819. Some state uni­versities have lar­ge endowment fu­nds which pro­vide a substantial portion of their support. Other sources of income are stu­dent fees, gifts and endowments.

In general, higher education in the USA may be di­vided into two broad fields: liberal arts and professional. Each of these fields may be further subdivided into un­dergraduate and graduate levels. The liberal arts program, on the undergraduate level, may be a two-year junior college course, or a four-year course leading to a degree of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science. The four-year course is usually subdivided into a lower division (which may be called the junior college), consisting of the two first years, and the upper division, which is the last two years. The first two years continue the general education and specialization begins in the third year.

1. Remember the words and word-combinations:

literate ministry — грамотные священнослужители

theological training school — школа богословия

endowment [in"daumənt] funds — фонды пожертвований.

2. Skim through the text and say which of its paragraphs gives the information about:

a) state universities,

b) the first institutions of higher learning in the country,

c) the two broad fields of higher education.

3. Find answers to the following questions in the text:

1) When was Harvard College established?

2) What was its original purpose?

3) Was it a big or small institution?

4) How many students studied at it at first?

5) What was the next institution of higher learning established in the American colonies?

6) Which was the first state university?

7) Which sources does the income of a state univer­sity come from?

8) Does a state university charge student fees?

9) What are the two fields of higher education in the USA?

10) What are further subdivisions of these fields?

Text 6

Colleges and Universities

American colleges and universities are either public or private, that is, supported by public funds or supported privately by a church group or other groups acting as private citizens although under a state charter.

A public institution is owned and operated by a go­vernment, either a state or a municipal government. The government appropriates large sums of money for the institution"s expenses. Yet these sums are normally not suf­ficient to cover all expenses, and so the institution is partially dependent on student fees and on gifts.

A private institution receives no direct financial aid from any government, municipal, state or federal. The money used to pay the operating expenses has a threefold origin: tuition fees paid by the students, money given in the form of gifts for immediate use, and the income from invested capital in the possession of the institution and originally received by the institution in the form of the gifts to be invested with only the income to be spent.

Of the nation"s nearly 1,900 institutions of higher learn­ing roughly one-third are state or city institutions. About 1,200 are privately controlled. Approximately 700 of these are con­trolled by religious groups. Less than half of these institutions are liberal art colleges and universities which stress the lan­guages, history, science and philosophy. The rest are profes­sional and technological schools and junior colleges.

A college is generally defined as an institution of higher learning which offers a course of instruction over a four-year period, and which grants a bachelor"s degree at the conclusion of studies. As part of university, a college graduate is distinguish­ed from a graduate of professional school. However, the profess­ional schools in some universities are called colleges.

A college prepares the student for two things: either graduate study leading to master"s or doctor"s degree or a job immediately after graduation. A student who majors in business administration for example, may be fully prepared fop a career in business when he has finished college.

On the other hand, a student majoring in psychology often must do a great deal of graduate work before he is competent in this field.

Students are classified as freshmen, sophomores, jun­iors and seniors. A freshman is a first year student, a sophomore, a second year student, a junior, a third year student, and a senior, a fourth year student. All students who have graduated from the senior class and who con­tinue studying at a university are classified as advanced stu­dents or graduate students. Some graduate students receive grants which cover the cost of their education; a person on such a fellowship is called a university fellow.

1. Skim through the text and say which of its paragraphs gives the information about:

a) what is a public institution; b) what is a private institution; c) what is a college; d) what a college prepares the student for; e) classification of students.

2. Say what information given in the text specifies the old facts you knew.

3. Say which facts given in the text were new to you.

TEXT 7

ACT I

In Robbie Stewart’s room one evening. Robbie is working at his computer.

He hearts a knock at the door.

Robbie:	Who is it?
Philip:	Dad.
Robbie:	Come on in, Dad.
Philip:	I thought you might be hungry. I brought you a chicken sandwich and a glass of milk.
Robbie:	I am hungry. Thanks, Dad. What time is it, anyway?
Philip:	[He looks at his watch.] Ten o’clock . What are you working on?
Robbie:	I’m writing a story for the high-school paper.
Philip:	Can’t you finish it tomorrow?
Robbie:	No, I have to turn it in in the morning.
Philip:	What’s it about?
Robbie:	I’m writing an article on the feelings about graduation.
Philip:	And … how do you feel?
Robbie:	Me? A little scared. And excited, too.
Philip:	I felt the same way.
Robbie:	The scary part’s leaving home and moving to college.
Philip:	Oh, leaving home is a part of growing up. Well, don’t work all night.
Robbie:	I don’t mind. I enjoy writing.
Philip:	Well, maybe you should think about becoming a writer.
Robbie:	Maybe I should.
Philip:	You have lots of time to decide.
Robbie:	That’s the worst part – making decisions.
Philip:	You’ll be OK. Good night, Son.
Robbie:	Good night, Dad.

1. Remember the words and word-combinations:

anyway – I would like to know.

paper - newspaper

turn (it) in – give (it) to the teacher

What’s it about? = What is the topic?

article – a piece of writing, usually for a newspaper or a magazine

scared – afraid, frightened

scary - frightening

I don’t mind. = It doesn’t bother me.

The next morning. Robbie is eating breakfast in the kitchen. Grandpa and Philip enter.

They are singing the University of Michigan /"miʃigən/ song.

Grandpa and Philip:	“Hail to the victors valiant, Hail to the conquering heroes, Hail, Hail to Michigan, The champions of the West!”
Philip:	Ah, good morning, Robbie.
Robbie:	Good morning, Dad.
Grandpa:	How’s my grandson?
Robbie:	Fine, Grandpa. Fine! What’s all the cheering about? Did the University of Michigan win another football game?
Grandpa:	Better than that. Tell him, Philip.
Philip:	I just spoke with Charley Rafer.
Robbie:	Who’s Charley Rafer?
Philip:	He’s the Dean of Admissions for the University of Michigan.
Grandpa:	And it turns out he’s a classmate of Philip’s.
Philip:	We were both on the tennis team.
Robbie:	Great!
Philip:	It is great. He’s going to be in New York tomorrow to interview applicants for admission.
Grandpa:	And he’s agreed to fit you into his schedule.
Robbie:	But I may not want to go to Michigan.
Philip:	It’s one of the best schools in the country, Robbie. I studied medicine there. Your grandfather went to the Engineering School there.
Robbie:	I know that, but …
Grandpa:	You said you wanted to be a doctor like your father.
Robbie:	Not exactly.
Grandpa:	You couldn’t pick a finer medical school than Michigan.
Robbie:	Yes, I know that.
Philip:	Let’s meet with Charley at the university club. Ten o’clock tomorrow morning. It doesn’t mean you’re going to Michigan.
Grandpa:	It doesn’t mean you have to be a doctor. But the interview will be good experience for you.
Robbie:	In that case, it’s OK. [ to Philip] Dad, growing up means making my own decisions, doesn’t it?
Philip:	You’re right, Robbie. But, like your Grandpa suggested, have the interview.
Grandpa:	And then make your own decision.
Robbie:	That sounds fine.
Philip:	I know it’s sudden, Robbie, but this is an important opportunity. We’ll head down there first thing tomorrow morning. OK?
Robbie:	Sure, Dad.
Philip:	I want you to know something, Son. I’m … very proud of you.
Robbie:	Thanks, Dad.
Philip:	Well, I’ve got an appointment at the hospital. I’ll see you all at dinnertime.
Robbie:	Bye, Dad.
	[Philip leaves]
Grandpa:	Is something still wrong, Robbie?
Robbie:	I’ll be OK.
Grandpa:	Going away to college for the first time always makes one a little nervous.
Robbie:	I guess so. I’ll be OK. I just need time to think.

1. Remember the words and word-combinations:

cheering – shouting approval

Dean of Admissions – the person in charge of deciding which students may enter a school or university

it turns out – the interesting fact is

applicants – people who apply

fit (you) into his schedule – to find time to meet with (you)

schools = here, universities

in that case = if that’s true …

head – to go in a certain direction

An interesting fact:

·       In their last year of high school, students often apply to more than one college or university. A university is larger than a college. In fact, most universities have an undergraduate school and graduate schools in different fields such law, engineering and art.

·       Each college or university in the US has its own requirements for admission. Most schools require students to take a standard entrance exam. To decide whether or not to accept a student, colleges or universities usually consider the test scores as well as the student’s high-school grades. In addition, some schools require a person interview.

·       Many students choose to go away from home and to live at college. Other students attend a state or local school and continue to live at home.

2. Answer the questions:

1.    Do high-school students in your country usually apply to more than one college or university?

2.    Are high-school grades important for college admission? Is there a standard college entrance exam in your country?

3.    Do most students in your country leave home when they go to college?

3. Read each sentence below. Underline every sentence that gives a reason for Robbie’s feeling scared and excited.

1.    He’s thinking about his future.

2.    He doesn’t want to go to college.

3.    He may be leaving home.

4.    His father says he must go to the University of Michigan.

5.    He must take some decisions.

6.    He cannot finish his article for the high-school newspaper.

7.    He knows he’s going to become a doctor.

4. Read each of the following statements. Circle true or false according to the information in Act 1. If the sentence is false, change the underlined part.

	true	false
1. The University of Michigan has a football team.
2. Philip studied medicine there.
3. Grandpa studied medicine there.
4. Philip knows the President of the university.
5. Philip and Charley Rafer played football there.

ACT 2

The following morning. Robbie is sitting in the living room. He is waiting for Philip to take him to see Charley Rafer at the university club.

Philip:	Sorry, Robbie. Sorry to be late this morning, but, well, we’ve still got some time for a cup of coffee. I can’t wait to see my old pal Charley Rafer.
Robbie:	Neither can I.
	[They go into the kitchen.]
Philip:	So you though about it, huh?
Robbie:	Yes, I have, Dad.
Philip:	Well, I’m glad. I knew you’d realize that this interview could be an important experience for you.
Robbie:	I came to that conclusion.
Philip:	That’s very wise, Robbie. Very wise. Now let’s head off for the city and the university club.
Robbie:	Thanks, Dad.
Philip:	Thanks … for what?
Robbie:	Thanks for hearing me out. And …
Philip:	And …?
Robbie:	And thanks for being such an understanding father.
Philip:	Well, thank you, Robbie. Thank you.
	In an office at the university club. Dean Rafer greets Philip and Robbie.
Dean:	[entering] Philip Stewart! It’s great to see you!
Philip:	Charley Rafer – you look as young as ever.
	[They hug.]
Dean:	You must be Robbie.
Robbie:	Hi.
Philip:	Yes, this is my youngest son Robbie. Robbie, I want you meet one of the best tennis players on the Michigan team - Charley Rafer.
Robbie:	Nice to meet you, Dean Rafer.
Dean:	Well, are you as good a tennis player as your dad?
Robbie:	No, I’m not very good at it.
Philip:	Frankly, neither was I. Charley was the star of the team.
Dean:	Yeah. Thanks. Well, how’ve you been, Philip?
Philip:	Oh, working too hard.
Dean:	Doesn’t show. How’s Ellen?
Philip:	Fine, thank you. And how’s Marge?
Dean:	She’s still giving the toughest English history exams in the school and loving every minute of it. And speaking of minutes, I have interviews until noon, so why don’t we get right to work?
Philip:	Can you have lunch with us later?
Dean:	I’d love too, Philip, but I’m afraid I can’t. I’m only here two days, and I have interviews with twenty-six applicants.
Philip:	I understand. Well, thanks. I’ll wait outside. [to Robbie] Good luck, Son. [He leaves]
Dean:	Did you bring your transcript from high school?
Robbie:	Yes, sir. Right here.
Dean:	Thank you. Please sit down. I see under “activities” that you’ve been writing for the school paper.
Robbie:	Yes, sir.
Dean:	What kinds of articles have you written?
Robbie:	All kinds – sports, editorials, theater reviews. You name it, I’ve written it.
Dean:	Hmmm. Well, have you ever thought of becoming a journalist?
Robbie:	A professional writer? Not until recently.
Dean:	Michigan has a fine School of journalism.
Robbie:	Yes, I know that.
Dean:	You seem to have some reservations.
Robbie:	I’m a little uncertain.
	[We see Philip nervously waiting outside the office. Dean Rafer has finished interviewing Robbie.]
Dean:	[to Robbie] It’s been very nice talking to you.
Robbie:	Nice talking to you, sir.
Dean:	One piece of advice. The most important thing is for you to decide your own future.
Robbie:	Yes, sir. Good-bye, Dean Rafer.
Dean:	Good-bye, Robbie. Good luck.

1. Match the words with their definitions:

1.    came to that conclusion	a. honestly, truthfully
2.    wise	b. to start (something) immediately
3.    hearing me out	c. newspaper articles that give the editor’s opinion about something in the news
4.    as young as ever	d. an official document listing a student’s grades
5.    good at	e. a person who works to gather, write edit, publish, or report the news; a reporter
6.    frankly	f. listening to my point of view
7.    get right to	g. talented
8.    transcript	h. having intelligence from life’s experiences
9.    editorials	i. feelings of not being sure about something
10.           theater reviews	j. decided that
11.           journalist	k. a piece of writing in a newspaper that tells about a play and gives the writer’s opinion of it
12.           reservations	l. as young as you always looked

An interesting fact:

The most common college degree is a bachelor of arts, or a B.A., degree. This degree usually requires four years of study. During the first two years, a student often takes liberal arts courses to receive a general education. Liberal arts courses include the study of literature, languages, and history. Then, in the last two years of college, a student focuses on a major subject, his or her specialization.

2. Answer the questions:

1.    Which college degrees are the most common in your country?

2.    In which year of college does a student usually begin to focus on a major subject?

3. Word search. Read the clues. Then find the words and circle them. The answers are written across or down. The first two answers are given.

1.    Robbie came to the conclusion that the interview could be an important experience for him.

2.    Robbie thanked his father for hearing him out.

3.    Philip said that Charley Rafer looked _______young as ever.

4.    Robbie told the dean that he wasn’t very _______ at tennis.

5.    Dean Rafer had a lot of interviews so he wanted to ______ right to work.

6.    The dean asked Robbie for his high-school _______.

7.    The dean saw that Robbie had some _______ about becoming a journalist.

ACT 3

On the patio of the Steward’s home later that day. Robbie is watering the flowers. He is speaking with  his friend Mike about their interviews for college.

Mike:	I had an interview today, too. I had a great interview with Admissions at Columbia University.
Robbie:	Really? What did hey say? Will you get into the school?
Mike:	Well, they didn’t say anything for sure. [joking] But I figure that with my grades and with my personality, I’ll have no problem.
Robbie:	Columbia’s terrific school. What are you going to do?
Mike:	Do? I don’t know. I also applied to NYU.
Robbie:	You sound excited about Columbia. What’s your problem, Mike?
Mike:	Indecision. Indecision. It’s not easy, and this an important decision we have to make. What about you? How was your interview with Michigan?
Robbie:	The interview was fine.
Mike:	It’s a great college.
Robbie:	It is. My father would like me to go there. He and my Grandpa both went there.
Mike:	Great medical school, too.
Robbie:	I know.
Mike:	You can follow in your father’s footsteps.
Robbie:	Ah! I’d like to follow in my own footsteps, Mike.
Mike:	What do you want to study?
Robbie:	I’ve been thinking. I think I want to study journalism to be a reporter – a newspaperman.
Mike:	You do a pretty good job on the Riverdale High School paper.
Robbie:	And I’ve been thinking about it a lot lately.
Mike:	Have you discussed it with your parents?
Robbie:	No. But I have to.
Mike:	OK. Let’s talk. [They leave.]

1. Remember the words and word-combinations:

Columbia University - a private university in New York City

NYU - New York University

Indecision – not being able to decide, or choose

follow in your father’s footsteps – to become like your father

That night. Robbie is sitting in the living room of his home. Philip enters.

Philip:	Hi, Son. Is everything all right ?
Robbie:	Hi, Dad. Everything’s fine. I was just waiting for you to get home so we could talk.
Philip:	Anything special you want to talk about ?
Robbie:	There is, Dad.
Philip:	I’m listening.
Robbie:	Well, I know you and Mom have given up a lot to save money for my college tuition.
Philip:	We want you to go to college, Robbie.
Robbie:	I know. I do.
Philip:	But ?
Robbie:	Well, I’ve thought a lot about which college, and one of them is Columbia.
Philip:	Columbia? Why Columbia?
Robbie:	First, they have an excellent School of Journalism.
Philip:	They do. And your friends are planning to go to Columbia?
Robbie:	That’s only part of it. It’s complicated. I’ll try to explain. Mike and I had a hamburger this afternoon, and we talked.
Philip:	Yes?
Robbie:	Well, we talked about a lot of things. He applied to Columbia, and his interview was very successful. He thinks he’ll be accepted, and he really wants to go there.
Philip:	Dean Rafer called me today. He told me he was very impressed with you.
Robbie:	He’s a nice man. He was very kind.
Philip:	He told me you had some doubts about wanting to go to Michigan.
Robbie:	Yes, I do. I’m just not sure about what I want to do.
Philip:	That’s OK.
Robbie:	You understand ?
Philip:	Let me tell you something, Robbie. Something that might be surprising to you.
Robbie:	What ? Tell me.
Philip:	Well, Grandpa wanted me to study engineering, like him. Well, I wasn’t clear about my future, but I knew engineering was not for me.
Robbie:	What did you tell Grandpa?
Philip:	The truth.
Robbie:	Then you’re not upset about my not wanting to go into medicine?
Philip:	I’m not upset at all. I’m just happy that we’re able to talk about it.
Robbie:	I am too, Dad.
Philip:	I suppose you want to apply to Columbia.
Robbie:	Yes, but I also want to apply to several other colleges.
Philip:	I thought you wanted to go to Columbia.
Robbie:	Well, I might want to go to Columbia. But I might not. I just want to be able to make my own decision.
Philip:	You’re a real Stewart!
Robbie:	And if I think about it long enough, you never know …
Philip:	Never know what?
Robbie:	If I make my own decision, I might choose Michigan.
Philip:	Robbie, you’re something! You know, when I was your age, I said exactly the same thing to Grandpa. [They smile.]

2. Match the words with their definitions:

1.    given up	a. the cost of education at a college or private school
2.    tuition	b. sacrificed
3.    accepted	c. like the other Stewarts
4.    impressed	d. sure
5.    clear	e. permitted to enter
6.    a real Stewart	f. having a positive opinion or feeling about someone or something

An interesting fact:

·       There are both private and public colleges and universities in the United States. Private schools, like Columbia University and NYU, are more expensive than public institutions, which receive money from state or city governments.

·       More than 30% of young American adults attend college. There are about 3,000 institutions of higher education in the United States.

3. Answer the questions:

1.    Is college tuition expensive in your country?

2.    About what percent of your country’s population attends college?

3.    About how many colleges or universities are there in your country?

4. Make up a story about:

·       one of the Universities  in the United States

·       the system of Higher education in the United States

HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN CANADA

In Canada, the constitutional responsibility for higher education rests with the provinces of Canada. The decision to assign responsibility for universities to the local legislatures, cemented in the British North America Act, 1867, which was renamed the Constitution Act in 1982, was contentious from its inception. The Act states "in and for each Province, the Legislature may exclusively make laws in relation to Education". As a result of this constitutional arrangement, a distinctive system of education, including higher education, has evolved in each province.

responsibility [risponsə"biliti] – ответственность

local legislatures – местные законодательные органы

distinctive – отличительный, особый

to evolve – развиваться

Text 1.

Land Administration Certificate

If you prefer working in a fast paced office setting with a company in the energy, utilities, environmental or transportation sectors and are interested in the organization and administration of land acquisition and record keeping, then the eight month Land Administration certificate is for you. You will work closely with land agents and land managers and may travel occasionally in your capacity as liaison between government agencies, corporate offices, and other oil and gas companies. Industry demand for highly qualified and motivated land administrators is extremely positive.

 

What People Say About Us:

“I chose the Land Administration program at Olds College because of its excellent reputation in the oil and gas industry. The curriculum is current, interesting and challenging. Besides being helpful during class time, the instructors are excellent for introducing students into the industry, helping them to form relationships with prospective employers right from the beginning.”

Deana Murphy

Olds College offers programs in seven broad areas:

·         Agriculture

·         Animal Sciences

·         Business Administration

·         Fashion

·         Horticulture

·         Land and Water Resources

·         Trades and Technology

1. Skim through the text and say which of its paragraphs gives the information about:

a) Land Administration certificate;

b) study’s period;

c) the staff  of a college.

2. Read each of the following statements. Circle true or false according to the information in the text.

	TRUE	FALSE
1. Olds College offers programs in Land Management.
2. Deana studies Land and Water Resources there.
3. The complete course of studies usually takes 5 years.
4. Olds College has excellent reputation in the oil and gas industry.
5. Students won’t work with land agents and land managers.

3. Make up a story about the study at the Olds College.

Text 2

Information about University of Lethbridge, Alberta

Established: 1967

Number of Students: 7,300 of which about 83% are from Alberta and 58% are women

Programs

The University of Lethbridge offers over 150 degree programs at the undergraduate and graduate level, including 6 doctorates, from the Faculties of Arts and Science, Education, Fine Arts, Health Science, and Management. The Faculty of Arts and Science also offers 9 pre-professional programs in Dentistry, Engineering, Journalism, Law, Medicine, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Optometry, Social Work, and Veterinary Medicine; these programs transfer to either the University of Alberta, Calgary, Regina, Saskatchewan, and/or Waterloo. The University of Lethbridge additionally offers 18 post-diploma degrees, for those with an acceptable diploma, which enable students to earn an undergraduate degree with advanced standing of up to 2 years.

Interesting Facts:

The University of Lethbridge houses one of the most important art collections in Canada including in excess of 13,000 pieces of art from the 19th to 21st centuries from America, Canada, and Europe. The University is focussed on providing education in the liberal arts and sciences within the context of smaller classes in order to enhance individualized learning opportunities, and in 2004 the school expanded its academic offerings to include programs at the doctorate level. The University of Lethbridge is recognized throughout Canada for its research in science and it regularly collaborates with federal agricultural research institutions throughout the city of Lethbridge.

1. Skim through the text and find sentences with the following words and phrases in the text and translate them into Russian:

undergraduate and graduate level, enable students, liberal arts, individualized learning opportunities, federal agricultural research institutions.

2. Find sentences that give the information about:

a) number of students;                  b) degree programs;

c) faculties;                                     d) reputation of the university;

Text 3

Information about University of Toronto, Ontario

Established: 1827 (Originally known as King"s College, it was renamed the University of Toronto in 1849)

Number of Students: 67, 692 (59, 389 are full-time)

Programs

As the most extensive post-secondary institution in Canada, the University of Toronto offers over 300 undergraduate programs, consisting of degrees, diplomas, and certificates, in over 74 areas of study from 14 professional faculties and in excess of 250 graduate programs, including some 25 interdisciplinary options, from more than 80 graduate departments. Post-doctoral fellowships are available to individuals with a doctorate degree or its equivalent; “fellowships” allow an individual to work alongside the faculty of a specific discipline on his/her path to becoming a professional scholar. The University does offer 68 co-operative learning opportunities from 30 disciplines but only through its campus in Scarborough, Ontario. Students are also afforded the option of earning credit towards their respective degrees through various study abroad programs in 33 countries worldwide. To this end, courses and programs are available in the areas of dentistry, education, engineering, general interest, human services, information studies, medicine, social work and theological and ecumenical studies. The University’s offering in the field of information studies is the most comprehensive and prolific in Canada.

Interesting Facts:

The University of Toronto is the largest and most prominent university in Canada and was ranked first in 2004 among all medical-doctoral research universities in the nation by Maclean’s Magazine. In fact, even though comprising 7 percent of all professors in Canada, for the past 18 years the faculty of the University of Toronto has won 25 percent of Canada’s elite awards for research. Some of the University’s current notable faculty members include John C. Polanyi, winner of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his major contributions in the development of the laser, Peter St. George-Hyslop, the leader of a team of researchers whose work uncovered 2 genes responsible for the early-onset of Alzheimer"s, and Tak Wah Mak, the geneticist who originally cloned a T-cell gene, an integral component of the immune system. The University of Toronto has the highest number of Nobel Prize winning graduates in Canada with six. The University has also been the centre of some major medical and scientific discoveries including insulin, the electric heart pacemaker, and the gene responsible for the more dangerous stream of Alzheimer"s disease.

1. Skim through the text and find sentences that give the information about:

a) number of programs;

b) Nobel Prize winning graduates;

c) faculties;

d) reputation of the university;

e) academic degrees.

Text 4

Information about University of Waterloo, Ontario

Established: 1957

Number of Students: Approximately  24, 900 with over 22,200 being undergraduates

Programs

The University of Waterloo offers undergraduate courses and programs in over 100 disciplines and graduate classes and degrees, diplomas, and certificates in over 37 areas of inquiry in the Faculties of Applied Health Sciences, Arts, Engineering, Environmental Studies, Mathematics, and Science and the Schools of Accountancy, Architecture, Planning, Computer Science, Optometry, and Pharmacy. One of the more notable undergraduate programs is the “Independent Studies;” this option is a self-directed program designed for students to either specialize in one topic or field or engage in interdisciplinary work leading to a Bachelor of Independent Studies; this is the only such program in Canada. A unique graduate level offering by the University of Waterloo is the "Cost Recovery Program;" this is specifically developed for working professionals who would otherwise be unable to complete a degree through regular, on campus attendance. Through this option, students earn degrees through correspondence, online, and/or part-time learning. Students at every level at the University have co-op program options as well; the University currently has partnerships with over 3,500 employers worldwide.

Interesting Facts:

The University of Waterloo is nationally recognized for its leading role in innovation and, in this area, in 2004, for the thirteenth year in a row, Maclean’s Magazine ranked the University first out of forty-seven universities Canada-wide. The University is also Canada’s leader in the flow of knowledge, ideas, and technology to the private sector; according to PricewaterhouseCoopers, in excess of 250 companies in the technology sector owe at least partial credit for their founding on research done by the University of Waterloo, more than any other school in Canada.

1. Skim through the text and find sentences that give the information about:

a) number of programs;

b) faculties;

d) reputation of the university;

e) graduate level for working professionals.

2. Match the information with the names of universities:

1.    The University was established in 1957.	a)    University of Lethbridge b)   University of Toronto c)    University of Waterloo
2.    The University is Canada’s leader in the flow of knowledge, ideas, and technology to the private sector.
3.    The University has the highest number of Nobel Prize winning graduates.
4.    The University is focussed on providing education in the liberal arts.
5.    Students earn degrees through correspondence, online, and/or part-time learning.
6.    The largest and most prominent university in Canada.
7.    The University is recognized for its research in science and it regularly collaborates with federal agricultural research institutions.
8.    Post-doctoral fellowships are available to individuals with a doctorate degree.

3. Use the situation in the conversation:You are a student of one University in Canada; explain why did you choose this University.

REVISION

1. Complete the sentences with suitable words:

1. British university year is divided into three _____.

a) conferences         b) sessions          c) terms     d) periods

2. Harvard University is the oldest institution of higher ____ in the USA.

a) teaching              b) education       c) promotion      d) learning

3. On _____ from college, all the students of our group got a good job.

a) admittance          b) graduation     c) entering          d) leaving

4. One can find meanings of the foreign or technical expressions used in the text in _____ .

a) content       b) keys                c) glossary                   d) index

5. Our teacher always takes _____ at the beginning of the lessons.

a) attendance           b) a rest               c) a book            d) action

2. Choose the correct options:

1	Student 1: “How do you pronounce this word?” Student 2: “___________________________” a)    I’m afraid, I don’t know. Why don’t you ask the teacher? b)   Ask the teacher. c)    And what about you? d)   No idea.
2	Student: “What additional literature can you advise?” Teacher: “____________________________” a)    Oh, dear, you can look up in the library yourself. b)   There are two new text-books in our reading hall and a technical encyclopedia. c)    I have one technical booklet. d)   Your list of literature is available at the laboratory.
3	Teacher: “Read the passage and match the names with …” Student: “____________________________” a)    What does this mean? b)   Could you repeat that, please? c)    What? d)   Slow down!
4	Student: “I’d like to fix an appointment with the principal for tomorrow.” Secretary: “____________________________” a)    You can come earlier if he is free. b)   Would nine tomorrow be all right? c)    I’m afraid not. He’s got rather a full day today. d)   How about Tuesday then?
5	Student: “How much time do we have to complete our tests?” Teacher: “Your time is up! ______________” a)    Hand in your papers, please! b)   Stop talking! c)    You may continue reading. d)   Who is on duty today?
6	Student: “ ____________________________” Tutor: “Certainly, you have four credits this term.” a)    Have we got any credits this term? b)   Have we got four or five credits this term? c)    Have we got any terms for our credits? d)   How many credits have we got this term?
7	Student 1: “Let’s go to the library and take the necessary books.” Student 2: “___________________________” a)    Are you all right? b)   I think, we’d better do it after the break. c)    My idea doesn’t coincide with yours. d)   I am not ready for my English class.
8	Student: “Have you had time to mark my composition??” Teacher: “ ___________________________” a)     Oh, dear, you look awful, what’s the matter with you? b)    Yes, it was quite good, and I’ve underlined the mistakes you’ve made. c)     Yes, and I do hope you don’t mind my saying this but you’ve made one or two tiny mistakes. d)    Yes, I have.

PROJECT

Higher Education System in different countries: China, Germany, Holland, India, Japan.

Bibliography

1.          Агабекян, И.П. Английский для инженеров./ И.П.Агабекян, П.И. Коваленко. / Серия «Высшее образование». Ростов н/ Д: «Феникс», 2004.- 320с.

2.          Ивонина, Л.К. Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов I курса всех специальностей дневной формы обучения. /Л.К. Ивонина, Е.Б. Кучина, Г.Р.Чайникова // Перм. гос. техн. ун-т. Пермь. 2002. - 53с.

3.          Кнодель, Л.В. Английский язык. The USA: учебное пособие. /Л.В. Кнодель //М.:Дрофа, 2008. - 300с.

4.          Колодяжная, Л. Познакомьтесь: Великобритания. / Л. Колодяжная //М.: Рольф, Айрис- пресс, 1998. - 160с., с илл.

5.          Ощепкова, В.В. О США кратко./В.В Ощепкова / Книга для чт. на англ. яз. //М.: Иностранный язык, Оникс, 2000. -189с.

6.          Сиротина, Т.А. Современный англо-русский и русско-английский словарь./Т.А. Сиротина //М.: БАО – Пресс Рипол Классик, 2005.-687с.

7.          Халезова, Е.Н. Моя Академия. (Our Academy)./ Е.Н. Халезова, В.Ф. Беликова, О.М. Максименко, Т.Г. Мухачева, В.П. Кузнецова, Н.И. Шумова //Методические указания по развитию навыков устной речи / Пермская ГСХА. Пермь. 1997.- 13с.

8.          Интернет-экзамен в сфере профессионального образования. [Электронный ресурс] http://www.fepo.ru

9.          Пермская государственная сельскохозяйственная академия. [Электронный ресурс] // Режим доступа: http://pgsha.ru

10.     Cambridge University. [Электронный ресурс] // Режим доступа: http://www.cam.ac.uk/

11.     Education in Russia. [Электронный ресурс] // Режим доступа: http://en.wikipedia.org

12.     High Education [Электронный ресурс] // Режим доступа: http://www.mma.ru/moslank

13.     Olds College. [Электронный ресурс] // Режим доступа: http://www.oldscollege.ca

14.     University of Oxford. [Электронный ресурс] // Режим доступа: http://en.wikipedia.org

15.     University of Oxford. [Электронный ресурс] // Режим доступа: http://www.ox.ac.uk/

Contents

PERM STATE AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY

Text 1. My academy                                                                        5

Text 2. From the history of Perm Agricultural Academy           13

Text 3. Experimental and training farm                                        16

HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA

Text 1. History of education                                                          19

Text 2. Higher education in Russia                                               21

HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

Text 1. Higher education in Great Britain                                    27

Text 2. History of university and college                                     31

Text 3. Oxford. Part I                                                                     35

Text 4. Oxford. Part II                                                                    38

Text 5. Cambridge                                                                       
   41

Text 6. Oxbridge                                                                        
     44

Text 7. The University of London                                                51

EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES

Text 1. Elementary schools, High schools and institutions

            of Higher Learning                                                              57

Text 2. School curriculum                                                             61

Text 3. Higher Educational Institutions                                       63

Text 4. Colleges which are as different as geese are different

            from swans                                                                          65

Text 5. Private and state colleges and universities                       68

Text 6. Colleges and Universities                                                  70

Text 7.       Dialogue. Act I                                                             73

Dialogue. Act II                                                            80

Dialogue. Act III                                                          86

HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN CANADA

Text 1. Olds College                                                                       93

Text 2. University of Lethbridge                                                   96

Text 3. University of Toronto                                                       97

Text 4. University of Waterloo                                                     100

Revision                                                                        
                   103

Bibliography                                                                    
               107